March is Women’s History Month in the United States, an opportunity to examine how far women have come and the areas where there is still work to be done. One of these areas is employment and income, according to a recent report released by the White House.
3月是在美國(guó)的婦女歷史月，這是一個(gè)檢驗(yàn)婦女狀況有多大進(jìn)展,以及還有哪些方面有待改進(jìn)的時(shí)機(jī)。據(jù)白宮不久前發(fā)表的一份報(bào)告，需要改進(jìn)的地方之一在就業(yè)和收入方面。
"Women in America: Indicators of Social 初中語文 and Economic Well-Being" offers a look at the full measure of a woman’s life. It’s the first comprehensive federal report of this nature since President Kennedy appointed Eleanor Roosevelt in the early 1960s to do a report on women," says Rebecca Blank, undersecretary of economic affairs, adding the new report covers five main areas of women’s lives. "It brings together data focusing on families, education, income and employment, health, and crime and violence, and really highlights the trends of what’s happening in women’s lives across all of those domains over the last 20 to 30 years."
這份報(bào)告的題目是《美國(guó)婦女：社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的幸福指標(biāo)器》。報(bào)告對(duì)婦女生活提供了全方位的展示。主管經(jīng)濟(jì)事務(wù)的副部長(zhǎng)呂貝卡?布蘭克說：“自1960年代早期肯尼迪總統(tǒng)委派埃里諾?羅斯福起草一份婦女問題報(bào)告以來，這是第一份這種性質(zhì)的綜合性的聯(lián)邦報(bào)告�！辈继m克介紹說，新報(bào)告涵蓋婦女生活的5大方面，“匯集了關(guān)于家庭、教育、收入及就業(yè)、健康、犯罪和暴力方面的資料，并且真正突出了過去二三十年間，在所有這些領(lǐng)域婦女生活發(fā)生的種種趨勢(shì)�！�
Compiling data from a variety of federal agencies, Blank says, revealed both positive and negative trends. Women are less likely than in the past to be the victims of violent crimes, including homicide. Women are marrying later and having fewer children than in the past. They make up 51 percent of the general population, and 57 percent of Americans over 65. Women are more likely than men to face health problems such as arthritis, obesity and depression… and are less likely to suffer from heart disease and diabetes.
布蘭克說，匯編來自各聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)的資料，顯示了積極和消極兩方面的趨勢(shì)。婦女不像以往那樣容易淪為包括謀殺在內(nèi)的暴力犯罪的受害者。婦女現(xiàn)在結(jié)婚較晚，生孩子較少。婦女在總?cè)丝谥姓?1%，在65歲以上美國(guó)人口中占57%。婦女比男人更可能患關(guān)節(jié)炎、肥胖癥和憂郁癥等健康問題。她們患心臟病和糖尿病的可能性比男性小。
The report highlights significant improvement in the field of education. "There is good news in this report that suggests that women, their educational rates, are growing faster than men's," says Blank. "In fact, if you look at young women, they are graduating from college at a higher rate than young men right now in the United States. That’s true among all race and ethnic groups, not just white women."
報(bào)告著重介紹了在教育領(lǐng)域的顯著改善。布蘭克說：“報(bào)告里的好消息是，婦女受教育率的增長(zhǎng)比男人更快。事實(shí)上，在今天的美國(guó)，年輕女性的大學(xué)畢業(yè)率比男青年高。這不僅局限于白人婦女，在所有種族和族群中都是如此”。
But women’s advancement in education hasn’t translated into income equality in the workplace. "One reason is that they are not going into the kind of fields that are high in income producing," says Valerie Jarrett, chairwoman of the White House Council on Women and Girls, who adds that the Obama Administration wants to eliminate that wage gap. "So the president, since early on in his administration, has had an effort to encourage women and girls to go into science and technology and engineering and math."
但是，婦女在教育方面的進(jìn)步并未轉(zhuǎn)化為職場(chǎng)中的平等收入。白宮婦女和女孩委員會(huì)主席法勒里?賈雷特說：“一個(gè)原因是，她們并沒有進(jìn)入那種高收入領(lǐng)域�！彼又f，奧巴馬政府希望消除工資差別，“所以，總統(tǒng)自他開始就任以來，就努力鼓勵(lì)婦女和女孩進(jìn)入科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程和數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域。”
There are also other reasons for the pay inequity."When women accept a position, they often don’t negotiate the beginning salary in the same way that a man does," says Lee Ann De Reus, associate professor of women’s studies at Penn State Altoona. "This report also indicates that once women have a job, they are not likely as men to negotiate for salary increases over the years. Also, you have a lot of women who are working part time. So there are multiple reasons why women are still trying to balance work and family in a way that men are not. Part of that gets back to what it is that we think a man’s role is in the society and what we think a woman’s role is in the society."
賓州州立大學(xué)阿爾圖那分校婦女學(xué)副教授李?安德魯斯指出，工資不平等還有其他很多原因：“婦女接受一個(gè)職位時(shí)，往往不像男人那樣提出起薪要求。報(bào)告還顯示，婦女一旦找到工作，就不大會(huì)像男人那樣年年都不斷要求加薪。而且,還有許多婦女是做兼職工作。所以，有很多原因，使婦女仍在努力平衡工作和家庭間的關(guān)系，而男子不必為此操心。 一定程度上，它還歸結(jié)于我們對(duì)男女各自社會(huì)角色的看法�！�
De Reus hopes the "Women in America" report will highlight how the issues facing women today impact children, families and society as a whole. "The bottom line is that we all win. The country wins when we’re taking care of its citizens. I think with this report indicates that we’ll do better as a nation and our future will be brighter, if we start attending to the needs of women. It will only benefit all of us."
德魯斯希望《美國(guó)婦女》這份報(bào)告將突出目前婦女所面臨的這些問題如何影響孩子、家庭和整個(gè)社會(huì)。她說：“底線是我們都贏。當(dāng)我們愛護(hù)我們國(guó)家的公民時(shí)，國(guó)家才能贏。我認(rèn)為，這份報(bào)告要表明的是，如果我們開始關(guān)注婦女的需要，作為一個(gè)國(guó)家，我們將會(huì)更好，我們的未來會(huì)更加光明。這無疑有利于我們每一個(gè)人�！�
The authors hope the information they’ve gathered in the "Women in America" report will translate into policies and initiatives to help women move forward and prepare girls for a life that’s better than what their mothers and grandmothers had.
報(bào)告的作者們希望，他們?cè)谶@份《美國(guó)婦女》報(bào)告中收集的信息將轉(zhuǎn)化成政策和計(jì)劃，幫助婦女們繼續(xù)改善，幫助女孩子們做好準(zhǔn)備，迎接比她們的母親和祖母?jìng)冊(cè)?jīng)歷的更好的生活。
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