八年級(jí)（下）英語(yǔ)學(xué)科導(dǎo)學(xué)案
主備人：趙亞輝 型：新授　審核人：關(guān)學(xué)偉 時(shí)間：2011.04.30　
Unit 6　How long have you been collecting shells?
(Section A)
教師寄語(yǔ)：Custom makes all things easy.有個(gè)好習(xí)慣，事事皆不難。
一、學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)
1) 單詞與短語(yǔ)collect shell marathon skate pair since raise several.
2)目標(biāo)句型：1. How long have you been doing…?
2. I’ve been doing…since…
3. How long did sb. do…?
4. He / She did sth. for…
3) 語(yǔ)法　現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
二、重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)
1．重點(diǎn)：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
2．教學(xué)難點(diǎn)：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
三、知識(shí)鏈接
一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。
四、學(xué)法指導(dǎo)：
通過(guò)小組合作學(xué)習(xí)，探究討論，結(jié)合導(dǎo)學(xué)案及相關(guān)資料理解各知識(shí)點(diǎn)，掌握本節(jié)學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容。
五、導(dǎo)學(xué)過(guò)程：
1. 組長(zhǎng)帶領(lǐng)組員預(yù)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
2. 組長(zhǎng)帶領(lǐng)組員通讀本from page 44 to 46,理解其含義并完成表格。
3. 組長(zhǎng)帶領(lǐng)組員熟讀，并指定堂朗讀人選。
4. 組長(zhǎng)帶領(lǐng)組員找出本(from page 44 to 46)的重要短語(yǔ)、句子。 并指定堂展示人選。
5. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
(一)引入
1) I stood here 5 minutes ago.
2) I am standing here no 合并：I ____ _____ _____ here for 5 minutes.
3) I will stand here for a while.
(二)含義：現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)下去。現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的句子中多用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如：live，learn，study，work等。常和表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用（for, since）。

　　 past now future
(三)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：

have/has been doing sth.
助v. 過(guò)分
進(jìn)行
現(xiàn)在完成
(1)I have been learning English for ten years. 我學(xué)英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)十年了。
　　(2)I have been collecting stamps since I was ten years old. 我從十歲起就一直在集郵。
(3)Have you been doing your homework since this morning?
從今天早晨起你就一直在寫作業(yè)吧？
　　(4)Has he been writing the letters to his friend? 他是一直在給他的朋友寫信嗎？
　　(5)I haven’t been seeing films for a long time. 我有很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)有看電影了。
（表明沒(méi)有看電影這個(gè)動(dòng)作從過(guò)去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，還要繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。）
思考：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)嗎？----------------------------------
(四)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)常和表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用（for, since），對(duì)一段時(shí)間提問(wèn)用how long.
1) for +一段時(shí)間
2) since + 過(guò)去的點(diǎn)時(shí)間，since 9:00, since last Sunday, since 3 days ago
從句（一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)）
She has been skating since four hours ago.
She has been skating since she got here.
He has been studying since 9:00.
He has been living here since last Sunday.
▲for +一段時(shí)間與since+一段時(shí)間+ago轉(zhuǎn)換：
She has been skating for four hours.= She has been skating since four hours ago.
(五)句型：
He has been living here since last Sunday.
1)否定句：
3）簡(jiǎn)略回答：
4）劃線提問(wèn)：
(六)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：新標(biāo)第一網(wǎng)
(1) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)下去，側(cè)重的是動(dòng)作的持續(xù)進(jìn)行。與for/since短語(yǔ)和since從句連用。
(2) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系，只和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：yesterday, last Friday, three days ago, in 1998等。
　 I have been skating for five hours.
（一直都在滑，現(xiàn)在還在滑，有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)滑下去）
I skated for five hours. （過(guò)去滑過(guò)5個(gè)小時(shí)，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)。）
(七)練習(xí)：
1）The running marathon _________(go) for three hours from this morning.
2) I have been dancing for 5 hours.(同義句)
I have been dancing 5 hours . xkb1
3）He’s been collecting kites since he was ten years old. (劃線提問(wèn))
_____ _____ _____ he been collecting kites?
4)r Zhang went to London 2 years ago. He is living there no (同義句)
r Zhang ____ ____ ____ in London _____ 2 years.
5) They have been studying English for ten years. (劃線提問(wèn))
____ _____ _____ they been studying English?
6)y grandfather has been playing sports _____ he was young.
A. for B. after C. in D. since
7) They have been living in this city____ 3 years ago.
A. for B. after C. since D. about
8) How long ____ they _____?
A.have, swim B. have, swiming C. have, been swimming D. has, swim
6. Alison was the first one to start．艾麗森是第一個(gè)開(kāi)始(滑)的。
(1)“be the first / second one to do sth.”表示“……是第一/ 二個(gè)做某事的”。
　He is the last one to leave here. 他是最后—個(gè)離開(kāi)這里的。
　She was the first one to get to school．她是第一個(gè)到校的。
(2)to start在這里是動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)。
7. every和each
　(1)each兩者或兩者以上中的“每一個(gè)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體。
a) adj. 作定語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用三單形式。Each student has a pen in his hand.
b)pron.單獨(dú)用或與of 短語(yǔ)連用，作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用三單形式。
Each has his weakness.
Each of the boys finishes his homework.
　(2)every adj. 只作定語(yǔ)，三者或三者以上中的“每一個(gè)”；強(qiáng)調(diào)整體相當(dāng)于all, 不與of連用。
“every+單數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)用三單形式。
Every student likes playing football.= All the students like playing football.
He reads every book in the library.= He reads all the books in the library.
____ of us has an English-Chinese dictionary.
A.Every B. Both C. Each D. All
Everyone should do _____ best to win the match.
A.his B. their C. her D. theirs
　8. raise vt.
a)募集、籌措 raise sth. for sb. They are raising money for the charity.
b)舉起、抬起、提高Raise your hand if you know the answer.
c)種植、飼養(yǎng)、養(yǎng)育raise crops/flowers/dogs
rise vi. (rose, risen)升起、上升、起立、起床，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)自身移向較高的位置。
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
六、學(xué)習(xí)小結(jié)
我的收獲:_________________________________________________
七、達(dá)標(biāo)檢測(cè)：
Ⅰ. 單項(xiàng)選擇
1. The flight from Beijing to New York ______ at 9:45 am. on Friday.
　A. gets off　 B. takes off　 C. puts up 　　D. gets up
2. — ______ have you been living here？　　　 — For ten years.
　A. How much　　　B. How many　　　C. How long　　　D. How soon
3. — _______ did you first skate?　　　 — Two years ago.
　A. When　　　B. What　　　C. Why　　　D. How
4. I have been skating _____ two hours.　A. in　　　B. at　　C. for　　　D.since
5. Thanks for ____ me the book.　A. gave　　B. giving　　C. give　　D. to give
6. We all helped him with his English so he didn’t _______ with his study.　
　A. fall off　　　B. fall down　　　C. fall behind　　　D. fall over
7. r Green _______ in China since five years ago.　
　A. lived　　　B. has been living　　　C. lives　　　D. is going to live
8. ＿＿＿ is the meeting going to last? ----About twenty minutes.　
　A. How far　　B. How soon 　　　C. How long 　　　D. How often
9. What shall we do now? ＿＿＿ for a walk?
　A. How's about to go B. What about to go　
C. How's about going　 D. What about going
10. Do you have another way of ＿＿＿ the child?
　A. teaching　　B. to teach 　　　C. teaches 　　　D. teach
11. There ______ a pair of sports shoes under the bed.
A. are B. is C. have D. has
12. There are many trees on _______ sides of the road.
A. each B. every C. both D. all
Ⅱ.用所給動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空。
1.—How long __________ your father________ (work) in the factory?
—Since he ___________ (leave) college.
2. How long __________ you __________ (listen) to music last night?
3. When ____________you ________ (attend) the after-school club?
4. He is always the first one ______ (arrive) at school and the last ______ (leave) school.
5. We _______ (be) friends for the whole ten years.
6. _________ (collect) old coins is my father’s hobby.
7. y father had me ______ (clean) my bike, but I had it ________ (clean) in the shop.
八、布置作業(yè)
《同步練習(xí)冊(cè)》SectionA部分.

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