介詞和介詞短語(yǔ)的概念:
介詞是一種用來(lái)表示詞與詞、詞與句之間的關(guān)系的虛詞,在句中不能單獨(dú)作句子成分。介詞后面一般有名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類(lèi),短語(yǔ)或從句作它的賓語(yǔ)。介詞和它的賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成介詞詞組,在句中作狀語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)。介詞可以分為時(shí)間介詞、地點(diǎn)介詞、方式介詞和其他介詞。
誤用介詞的三種情況:
1、多用介詞:
多用介詞可能是受漢語(yǔ)意思的影響將及物動(dòng)詞誤用作不及物動(dòng)詞,也可能是受相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響而用錯(cuò):
誤:We discussed about the plan.
正:We discussed the plan. 我們討論了計(jì)劃。
誤:Did he mention about the accident?
正:Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了嗎?
誤:I saw her enter into the bank.
正:I saw her enter the bank. 我看見(jiàn)她進(jìn)了銀行。
誤:He married with[to] a nurse.
正:He married a nurse. 他同一位護(hù)士結(jié)了婚。
誤:How can contact with you?
正:How can contact you? 我怎么與你聯(lián)系?
誤:We should serve for the people heart and soul.
正:We should serve the people heart and soul. 我們應(yīng)該全心全意地為人民服務(wù)。
誤:Who controls over the factory? (但名詞control可接over)
正:Who controls the factory? 誰(shuí)管理這個(gè)工廠?
誤:He has a great many of friends here. (比較a great number of)
正:He has a great many friends here. 他在這兒有很多朋友。
2、漏用介詞:
漏用介詞可能是受漢語(yǔ)意思的影響將不及物動(dòng)詞誤用作及物動(dòng)詞,或是受相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響的影響而用錯(cuò)等:
誤:This matter is difficult to deal. (deal with=處理)
正:This matter is difficult to deal with. 這事很難處理。
誤:He is not a man to be depended.
正:He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是個(gè)可靠的人。
誤:He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
正:He took a cup of tea, and wentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶,又接著講故事。
誤:My mother still regards me a child. (比較consider…as中的as可省略)
正:My mother still regards me as a child. 我母親還把我當(dāng)小孩看。
誤:They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.
正:They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.他們堅(jiān)持要派車(chē)來(lái)接我們。
誤:What he says is worth listening.
正:What he said is worth listening to.他的話(huà)值得一聽(tīng)。
3、錯(cuò)用介詞:
錯(cuò)用介詞的情況比較復(fù)雜,可能是因受漢語(yǔ)意思的而錯(cuò),也可能是因弄不清搭配關(guān)系而錯(cuò),可能是混淆用法而錯(cuò),也可能是受相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響而錯(cuò),可能是忽略語(yǔ)境而錯(cuò),也可能是想當(dāng)然的用錯(cuò):
誤:She called on his office yesterday. (call on+人,call at+地點(diǎn))
正:She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他辦公室拜訪(fǎng)。
誤:He is engaged with a nurse.
正:He is engaged to a nurse.他與一位護(hù)士訂了婚。
誤:The sun rises from the east.
正:The sun rises in the east.太陽(yáng)從東方升起。
誤:Under his help, I finished it in time.
正:With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的幫助下,我及時(shí)做完了。
誤:During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
正:During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.他在日本期間,參觀過(guò)許多地方。
誤:We are familiar to his character.
正:We are familiar with his character.我們了解他的性格。
誤:Help yourself with the fruit.
正:Help yourself to the fruit.吃點(diǎn)水果吧。
介詞的賓語(yǔ):
1、名詞或代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ):
如:Are you interested in history? 你對(duì)歷史感興趣嗎?
Don't worry about it. 別為它擔(dān)心。
注:若是人稱(chēng)代詞用作介詞賓語(yǔ),要注意用賓格。
如:No one can sing like her. 沒(méi)有人能像她那樣唱歌。(不能用like she)
2、動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語(yǔ):
如:He is good at telling stories. 他善于講故事。
In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿過(guò)馬路時(shí)被汽車(chē)撞倒。
3、過(guò)去分詞作介詞賓語(yǔ):
如:We can't regard the matter as settled. 我們不能認(rèn)為這事已經(jīng)解決。
I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以為你讀過(guò)這本書(shū)。
注:過(guò)去分詞用作介詞賓語(yǔ)通常只見(jiàn)于某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中,如上面第1句涉及regard…as(認(rèn)為…是)結(jié)構(gòu),第2句涉及take sth for granted(認(rèn)為某事屬實(shí))。在其他情況下,介詞后通常不直接跟過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ),若語(yǔ)義上需要接過(guò)去分詞(表被動(dòng)),可換用“being+過(guò)去分詞”:
如:He went out without being seen by the others.他出去了,沒(méi)有被其他人看見(jiàn)。
4、從句作介詞賓語(yǔ):
如:He was not satisfied with what she said. 他對(duì)她說(shuō)的不滿(mǎn)意。
I'm worried about where he is. 我擔(dān)心他上哪兒去了。
注:介詞后通常不接that從句,遇此情況需考慮用其他結(jié)構(gòu):
誤:He paid no attention to that she was poor.
正:He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor. 他根本不注意她很窮這一事實(shí)。
但有個(gè)別介詞(如except)可接that從句。
比較:I know nothing about him except that he lives next door./I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了。
5、不定式作介詞賓語(yǔ):
如:I had no choice but to wait. 除了等,我沒(méi)有別的選擇。
He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那兒。
They did nothing but complain. 他們老是一個(gè)勁地抱怨。
He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看電視,他從不干任何事。
注:(1)介詞后接不定式的情形通常只見(jiàn)于but, except等極個(gè)別個(gè)詞。該不定式有時(shí)帶to,有時(shí)不帶to,其區(qū)別是:若其前出現(xiàn)了動(dòng)詞do,其后的不定式通常不帶to;
若其前沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞do,則其后的不定式通常帶to。
(2)介詞后雖然通常不直接跟不定式作賓語(yǔ),但卻可接“連接代詞(副詞)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu):
如:He gave me some advice on how to do it. 對(duì)于如何做這事他給我提了些建議。
6、形容詞作介詞賓語(yǔ):
如:Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的語(yǔ)音遠(yuǎn)不是完美的。
In short, we must be prepared. 總而言之,我們要有準(zhǔn)備。
Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越來(lái)越糟。
注:(1)有些形容詞用作介詞賓語(yǔ)可視為其前省略了動(dòng)名詞being:
如:He regarded the situationas(being) serious. 他認(rèn)為形勢(shì)嚴(yán)重。
His work is far from(being) satisfactory. 他的工作絲毫不令人滿(mǎn)意。
(2)有些“介詞+形容詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)已構(gòu)成固定搭配:in full全部地,全面地,無(wú)省略地; in private私下地,秘密地; in particular特別地;in general一般地,通常地,概括地; in brief 簡(jiǎn)言之;in short總之,簡(jiǎn)言之; in vain徒然地,徒勞無(wú)益地;for fee免費(fèi)地,無(wú)償?shù)兀?for certain肯定地,確切地;for sure肯定地,確切地; for short為了簡(jiǎn)短,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng);atl arge自由自在地,逍遙法外; by far…得多
7、副詞作介詞賓語(yǔ):
如:I can't stay for long. 我不能久呆。
It's too hot in here. 這里面太熱了。
I looked every where except there. 除了那兒,我到處都看過(guò)了。
8、數(shù)詞作介詞賓語(yǔ):
如:The city has a population of four million. 這座城市有四百萬(wàn)人口。
He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。
9、介詞短語(yǔ)作介詞賓語(yǔ):
如:Choose a book from among these. 從這些書(shū)中選一本吧。
I saw her from across the street. 我從街的對(duì)面望見(jiàn)了她。
注:通?珊蠼咏樵~短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)的介詞是from, till, until, since, except, instead of等。
比較:I took it from the bed. 我從床那兒(或床上)拿的。
I took it from under the bed. 我從床下拿的。
10、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)用作介詞賓語(yǔ):
如:She had no objection to Mary marrying him. 她不反對(duì)瑪麗與他結(jié)婚。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿著一本書(shū)走了進(jìn)來(lái)。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個(gè)下午他都鎖著門(mén)在房里工作。
介詞短語(yǔ)的句法功能:
1、表語(yǔ):
如:He was with a friend. 他和一個(gè)朋友在一起。
Health is above wealth. 健康勝過(guò)財(cái)富。
This knife is for cutting bread. 這把小刀是用于切面包的。
注:有些介詞(如because of)引出的短語(yǔ)通常只用作狀語(yǔ),不用作表語(yǔ):
誤:His absence is because of the rain.
正:His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未來(lái)。
但是,若主語(yǔ)是代詞(不是名詞),becauseof引出的短語(yǔ)可用作表語(yǔ):
如:It is because of hard work. 那是因?yàn)樾量喙ぷ鞯脑颉?
2、狀語(yǔ):
如:Don't touch it with your hands. 別用手去摸它。
Did you do this by design or by accident? 你這樣做是有意的還是無(wú)意的?
3、定語(yǔ):
如:This is his reply to your letter. 這是他給你的回信。
This is the best way of doing it. 這是做此事最好的方法。
My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我對(duì)你的愛(ài)比海深。
4、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):
如:I found everythingin good condition. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)一切正常。
Her illness kept her in bed for a week. 她因生病在床上躺了一星期。
注:用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)在相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中則為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):
如:He was regarded as a hero. 他被看成是英雄。
5、賓語(yǔ):
如:A man stepped out from behind the wall. 一個(gè)人從墻后走出來(lái)。
He cannot spare anytime except on Sunday. 除星期日外,他抽不出時(shí)間。
6、主語(yǔ):
如:Between6 and 7 suits me. 六點(diǎn)到七點(diǎn)對(duì)我比較適合。
After the exams is the time to relax. 考試后是輕松一下的時(shí)間。
注:介詞短語(yǔ)通常不用作主語(yǔ),盡管有時(shí)也像上面這樣用作主語(yǔ),但通?梢暈槭窃谝欢ǖ纳舷挛闹杏兴÷裕
如:—When are we going to have the next meeting? 我們下次什么時(shí)候見(jiàn)面?
—On Tuesday may be convenient. 星期二可能比較方便。
此句中onTuesday雖用作主語(yǔ),但可視為是其前省略了meeting一詞:
即:Meeting during the vacation may be convenient.
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