高中英語知識點:量詞

編輯: 逍遙路 關(guān)鍵詞: 高中英語 來源: 高中學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)


量詞的概念:


通常用來表示人、事物或動作的數(shù)量單位的詞,叫做量詞。
例如:a bag of (rice), a piece of (news), a cup of (tea)



量詞詞組的特點:


特點一
英語量詞詞組所表示的數(shù)或量:大致可歸納為四種類型,即定量、不定量、大量和少量。
1、表示定量的量詞詞組:
如:a couple of(兩個、一對)?a couple of days,a couple o fplayers,a couple of times
a cupful of(一滿杯)?a cupful of jelly,a cupful of water
a portion of(一份/客)?a portion of duck,a portion of roastbeef
2、表示不定量的量詞詞組:
如:a majority of(大多數(shù)/大半)?a majority of opinions,a majority of votes
an atom of(一點)?an atom of food,an atom of truth
a spell of(一陣/一段時間)?a spell of fine weather,a spell of coughing
3、表示大量的量詞詞組:
如:a flood of?a flood of ink(洋洋大篇),a flood of tears(淚如泉涌)
a heap of?a heap of earth(一堆泥土),a heap of customers(許多顧客)
a mountain of?a mountain of debts(債臺高筑),a mountain of difficulties(困難重重)
4、表示少量的量詞詞組:
如:a drop of?a drop of fever(有點熱度),a drop of dew(一點露水)
a particle of?a particle of feeling(一絲感情),a particle of dust(一點灰塵)
a shadow of?a shadow of doubt(一點懷疑),a shadow of freedom(一點自由)

特點二

有些數(shù)量詞組修飾可數(shù)名詞,有些數(shù)量詞組修飾不可數(shù)名詞,還有些則兩者均可修飾。
1、修飾不可數(shù)名詞的量詞詞組:
如:a bit of?a bit of English(一點英語),a bit of good advice(一些好意見),
a bit of interest(一點興趣), a shred of?a shredofevidence(一點證據(jù))
a shred of cloth(少量布),a shred of reputation(一點聲譽)
a sheet of?a sheet of glass(一塊玻璃), a sheet of water(一片汪洋)
2、修飾可數(shù)名詞的量詞詞組:
如:a cluster of?a cluster of flowers(一簇花),a cluster of spectators(一群觀眾),a cluster of bright stars(閃爍群星)
a string of?a string of pearls(一串珠子),a string of curses(連續(xù)不斷的咒罵),a string of excuses(一連串借口)
a scram of?a scram of mosquitoes(一群蚊子),a scram of geese(一群鵝),a scram of children(一群孩子)
3、修飾(不)可數(shù)名詞的量詞詞組:
如:a body of?a body of bees(一群蜜蜂),a body of coldair(一股冷空氣),a body of facts(許多事實)
a block of?a block of ice(一大塊冰),a block of flats(一幢公寓),a block of houses(一排房子)
a chain of?a chain of ideas(一系列想法),a chain of accidents(一連串事故),a chain of proof(一連串證據(jù))

特點三

有些數(shù)量詞組的搭配是固定的,而有些搭配則比較靈活。
1、搭配固定的量詞詞組:
如:a barrel of?a barrel of beer(一桶啤酒),a barrel of crudeoil(一桶原油)
a basket of?a basket of eggs(一籃雞蛋),a basket of apples(一籃蘋果)
a line of?a line of trees(一行樹),a line of poetry(一行詩)
2、搭配較靈活的量詞詞組:
如:a piece of?a piece of paper(一張紙),a piece of furniture(一件家具),a piece of equipment(一臺設(shè)備)
a round of?a round of spirit(一巡酒),a round of diplomatic talks(一輪外交談判),a round of toast(一片烤面包)
a bar of?a bar of chocolate(一塊巧克力),a bar of soap(一條肥皂),a bar of light(一束光)



一些常見的量詞及搭配:  


1、一般性的表示個數(shù)的量詞:  
這一組中主要有piece, bit, item, article等詞,但piece具有獨特的地位,在使用其他詞的地方一般都可使用piece代替之。
如:piece: a piece of meat/paper/bread/music/information/furniture/machinery, etc.一片肉/一張紙/一片面包/一首曲子/一條信息/一件家具/一臺機器等   
bit: a bit of news/wood/advice/trouble, etc. 一條消息/一塊木頭/一條建議/一件麻煩事等   
item: an item of news/crime/program/business, etc. 一條新聞/一宗罪行/一個項目/一筆生意等   
article: an article o fexport/furniture/clothing/luggage, etc. 一宗出口/一件家具/一件衣服/一件行李等   
2、以形狀表示個數(shù)的量詞: 
如:bar: a bar of chocolate/candy 一塊巧克力/一塊糖   
bunch: a bunch of flowers/grapes/keys 一束花/一串葡萄/一串鑰匙   
cake: a cake of soap/ice 一塊肥皂/一塊冰   
cluster: a cluster of stars/flowers/animals 一群星/一束花/一群動物   
comb: a comb of bananas 一串香蕉   
drop: a drop of rain/blood 一滴雨/一滴血   
ear: an ear of corn/wheat 一棒玉米/一穗麥子   
flight: a flight of stairs/arrows/sparrows 一段樓梯/一陣箭雨/一群麻雀   
flock: a flock of workmen/criminals/boys 一群工人/一伙罪犯/一群男孩   
head: a head of cabbage/cauliflower/sheep 一頭卷心菜/一塊花菜/一頭羊   
lump: a lump of sugar/coal/clay一塊糖/一塊煤/一塊土   
spiral: a spiral of mosquito incense 一盤蚊香   
slice: a slice of meat/bread/beef 一片肉/一片面包/一塊牛肉   
swarm: a swarm of bees 一群蜜蜂   
bevy: a bevy of beauties/girls/ladies 一群美人/一群女孩/一群女士   
gathering: a gathering of friends 一幫朋友   
clump: a clump of trees 一叢樹林   
pack: a pack of rascals/wolves 一群流氓/一群狼   
3、表示容積的詞:  
如:bottle: a bottle of ink/milk/wine 一瓶酒/一瓶牛奶/一瓶葡萄酒   
bowl: a bowl of rice/porridge 一碗米飯/一碗粥   
pail: a pail of water 一桶水   
glass: a glass of beer 一杯啤酒   
cup: a cup of tea 一杯茶   
handful: a handful of soil 一?土   
spoonful: a spoonful of oil 一湯匙油   
mouthful: a mouthful of snow 一口雪   
truckload: a truckload of steel 一卡車鋼材   
packet: a packetof cigarette 一包煙   
4、表示行為動態(tài)的量詞:   
如:fit: a fit of laughter 一陣笑聲   
peal: a peal of thunder 一陣?yán)茁?  
flash: a flash of light 一道閃電   
display: a display of force 一番武力展示
還有:①a drove of horses(一群馬)   
②a flock of goats(一群山羊)   
③a herd of elephants(一群大象)   
④a pack of wolves(一群狼)   
⑤a pride of lion(一群獅子)   
⑥a skulk of foxes(一群狐貍)




相關(guān)高中英語知識點:介詞和介詞短語

介詞和介詞短語的概念:


介詞是一種用來表示詞與詞、詞與句之間的關(guān)系的虛詞,在句中不能單獨作句子成分。介詞后面一般有名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類,短語或從句作它的賓語。介詞和它的賓語構(gòu)成介詞詞組,在句中作狀語,表語,補語或介詞賓語。介詞可以分為時間介詞、地點介詞、方式介詞和其他介詞。



誤用介詞的三種情況:


1、多用介詞:
多用介詞可能是受漢語意思的影響將及物動詞誤用作不及物動詞,也可能是受相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響而用錯:
誤:We discussed about the plan.
正:We discussed the plan. 我們討論了計劃。
誤:Did he mention about the accident?
正:Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了嗎?
誤:I saw her enter into the bank.
正:I saw her enter the bank. 我看見她進(jìn)了銀行。
誤:He married with[to] a nurse.
正:He married a nurse. 他同一位護(hù)士結(jié)了婚。
誤:How can contact with you?
正:How can contact you? 我怎么與你聯(lián)系?
誤:We should serve for the people heart and soul.
正:We should serve the people heart and soul. 我們應(yīng)該全心全意地為人民服務(wù)。
誤:Who controls over the factory? (但名詞control可接over)
正:Who controls the factory? 誰管理這個工廠?
誤:He has a great many of friends here. (比較a great number of)
正:He has a great many friends here. 他在這兒有很多朋友。

2、漏用介詞:
漏用介詞可能是受漢語意思的影響將不及物動詞誤用作及物動詞,或是受相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響的影響而用錯等:
誤:This matter is difficult to deal. (deal with=處理)
正:This matter is difficult to deal with. 這事很難處理。
誤:He is not a man to be depended.
正:He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是個可靠的人。
誤:He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.
正:He took a cup of tea, and wentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶,又接著講故事。
誤:My mother still regards me a child. (比較consider…as中的as可省略)
正:My mother still regards me as a child. 我母親還把我當(dāng)小孩看。
誤:They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.
正:They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.他們堅持要派車來接我們。
誤:What he says is worth listening.
正:What he said is worth listening to.他的話值得一聽。

3、錯用介詞:
錯用介詞的情況比較復(fù)雜,可能是因受漢語意思的而錯,也可能是因弄不清搭配關(guān)系而錯,可能是混淆用法而錯,也可能是受相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響而錯,可能是忽略語境而錯,也可能是想當(dāng)然的用錯:
誤:She called on his office yesterday. (call on+人,call at+地點)
正:She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他辦公室拜訪。
誤:He is engaged with a nurse.
正:He is engaged to a nurse.他與一位護(hù)士訂了婚。
誤:The sun rises from the east.
正:The sun rises in the east.太陽從東方升起。
誤:Under his help, I finished it in time.
正:With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的幫助下,我及時做完了。
誤:During he was in Japan, he visited many places.
正:During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.他在日本期間,參觀過許多地方。
誤:We are familiar to his character.
正:We are familiar with his character.我們了解他的性格。
誤:Help yourself with the fruit.
正:Help yourself to the fruit.吃點水果吧。



介詞的賓語:


1、名詞或代詞作介詞賓語:
如:Are you interested in history? 你對歷史感興趣嗎?
Don't worry about it. 別為它擔(dān)心。
注:若是人稱代詞用作介詞賓語,要注意用賓格。
如:No one can sing like her. 沒有人能像她那樣唱歌。(不能用like she)
2、動名詞作介詞賓語:
如:He is good at telling stories. 他善于講故事。
In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿過馬路時被汽車撞倒。
3、過去分詞作介詞賓語:
如:We can't regard the matter as settled. 我們不能認(rèn)為這事已經(jīng)解決。
I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以為你讀過這本書。
:過去分詞用作介詞賓語通常只見于某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中,如上面第1句涉及regard…as(認(rèn)為…是)結(jié)構(gòu),第2句涉及take sth for granted(認(rèn)為某事屬實)。在其他情況下,介詞后通常不直接跟過去分詞作賓語,若語義上需要接過去分詞(表被動),可換用“being+過去分詞”:
如:He went out without being seen by the others.他出去了,沒有被其他人看見。
4、從句作介詞賓語:
如:He was not satisfied with what she said. 他對她說的不滿意。
I'm worried about where he is. 我擔(dān)心他上哪兒去了。
:介詞后通常不接that從句,遇此情況需考慮用其他結(jié)構(gòu):
誤:He paid no attention to that she was poor.
正:He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor. 他根本不注意她很窮這一事實。
但有個別介詞(如except)可接that從句。
比較:I know nothing about him except that he lives next door./I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了。
5、不定式作介詞賓語:
如:I had no choice but to wait. 除了等,我沒有別的選擇。
He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那兒。
They did nothing but complain. 他們老是一個勁地抱怨。
He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看電視,他從不干任何事。
:(1)介詞后接不定式的情形通常只見于but, except等極個別個詞。該不定式有時帶to,有時不帶to,其區(qū)別是:若其前出現(xiàn)了動詞do,其后的不定式通常不帶to;
若其前沒有出現(xiàn)動詞do,則其后的不定式通常帶to。
(2)介詞后雖然通常不直接跟不定式作賓語,但卻可接“連接代詞(副詞)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu):
如:He gave me some advice on how to do it. 對于如何做這事他給我提了些建議。
6、形容詞作介詞賓語:
如:Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的語音遠(yuǎn)不是完美的。
In short, we must be prepared. 總而言之,我們要有準(zhǔn)備。
Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越來越糟。
:(1)有些形容詞用作介詞賓語可視為其前省略了動名詞being:
如:He regarded the situationas(being) serious. 他認(rèn)為形勢嚴(yán)重。
His work is far from(being) satisfactory. 他的工作絲毫不令人滿意。
(2)有些“介詞+形容詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)已構(gòu)成固定搭配:in full全部地,全面地,無省略地; in private私下地,秘密地; in particular特別地;in general一般地,通常地,概括地; in brief 簡言之;in short總之,簡言之; in vain徒然地,徒勞無益地;for fee免費地,無償?shù)兀?for certain肯定地,確切地;for sure肯定地,確切地; for short為了簡短,簡稱;atl arge自由自在地,逍遙法外; by far…得多
7、副詞作介詞賓語:
如:I can't stay for long. 我不能久呆。
It's too hot in here. 這里面太熱了。
I looked every where except there. 除了那兒,我到處都看過了。
8、數(shù)詞作介詞賓語:
如:The city has a population of four million. 這座城市有四百萬人口。
He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。
9、介詞短語作介詞賓語:
如:Choose a book from among these. 從這些書中選一本吧。
I saw her from across the street. 我從街的對面望見了她。
:通?珊蠼咏樵~短語作賓語的介詞是from, till, until, since, except, instead of等。
比較:I took it from the bed. 我從床那兒(或床上)拿的。
I took it from under the bed. 我從床下拿的。
10、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)用作介詞賓語:
如:She had no objection to Mary marrying him. 她不反對瑪麗與他結(jié)婚。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿著一本書走了進(jìn)來。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個下午他都鎖著門在房里工作。


介詞短語的句法功能:
1、表語:
如:He was with a friend. 他和一個朋友在一起。
Health is above wealth. 健康勝過財富。
This knife is for cutting bread. 這把小刀是用于切面包的。
:有些介詞(如because of)引出的短語通常只用作狀語,不用作表語:
誤:His absence is because of the rain.
正:His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未來。
但是,若主語是代詞(不是名詞),becauseof引出的短語可用作表語:
如:It is because of hard work. 那是因為辛苦工作的原因。
2、狀語:
如:Don't touch it with your hands. 別用手去摸它。
Did you do this by design or by accident? 你這樣做是有意的還是無意的?
3、定語:
如:This is his reply to your letter. 這是他給你的回信。
This is the best way of doing it. 這是做此事最好的方法。
My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我對你的愛比海深。
4、賓語補足語:
如:I found everythingin good condition. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)一切正常。
Her illness kept her in bed for a week. 她因生病在床上躺了一星期。
:用作賓語補足語的介詞短語在相應(yīng)的被動語態(tài)中則為主語補足語:
如:He was regarded as a hero. 他被看成是英雄。
5、賓語:
如:A man stepped out from behind the wall. 一個人從墻后走出來。
He cannot spare anytime except on Sunday. 除星期日外,他抽不出時間。
6、主語:
如:Between6 and 7 suits me. 六點到七點對我比較適合。
After the exams is the time to relax. 考試后是輕松一下的時間。
:介詞短語通常不用作主語,盡管有時也像上面這樣用作主語,但通常可視為是在一定的上下文中有所省略:
如:?When are we going to have the next meeting? 我們下次什么時候見面?
?On Tuesday may be convenient. 星期二可能比較方便。
此句中onTuesday雖用作主語,但可視為是其前省略了meeting一詞:
即:Meeting during the vacation may be convenient.



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