女權(quán)運動第一次浪潮的勝利標(biāo)志：美國憲法第19條修正案賦予婦女選舉權(quán)

Women’s suffrage，which was motivated by a belief that it would have a stabilizing and purifying effect on public life，may also be seen as reflecting an antiparty impulse. Party bosses long opposed women’s suffrage, in part because it was associated with the general cause of political reform but also because of uncertainty as to the effects of suddenly doubling the size of the electorate.

婦女選舉權(quán)問題，受到一種信念的驅(qū)動，即它對公眾生活有穩(wěn)定和凈化的作用；這個問題也可視為一種反黨派的沖動。政黨大老們長期以來反對賦予婦女選舉權(quán)，部分原因是它與政治改革的總體目標(biāo)有關(guān)，也因選舉人人數(shù)突然翻番的影響所帶來的不確定性。

Principally, the women’s suffrage movement was an extension of the drive to improve the legal and general social status of women in the second half of the nineteenth century. Colorado in 1897 was the first state to enfranchise women, and by 1914 twelve states, all of them western, had adopted the reform. Instead of continuing their efforts at the state level, women’s suffrage strategists now pressed for a national constitutional amendment. Sensing the inevitability of the reform, national party leaders began to change their minds about it, and Republican Party endorsed the enfranchisement of women in the presidential campaign of 1916.

最主要的，婦女選舉權(quán)運動是19世紀(jì)后半期改善婦女法律地位和總體社會地位的趨勢的延伸。1897年，科羅拉多州成為第一個賦予婦女選舉權(quán)的州，到1914年，全部屬于西部的12個州，也實行了改革。爭取婦女選舉權(quán)的戰(zhàn)略家們不再在州的層次上進行努力，而是迫切要求完成全國性的憲法修正案。意識到改革的不可避免性，國家層面的政黨領(lǐng)袖開始改變對這個問題的看法，共和黨在1916年的總統(tǒng)選舉中支持賦予婦女選舉權(quán)。

The main obstacle to women’s suffrage in Congress was the South. Fearing that any increase in federal power over voting would threaten their recent disfranchisement of the Negro，Southern members of Congress, all Democrats, consistently opposed a women’s suffrage movement. With increasing numbers of women engaged in business and industry during World War I, however, the reform became irresistible. At last in 1919, under Republican leadership, Congress approved the women’s suffrage amendment for submission to the states. The Nineteenth Amendment became part of the Constitution in August 1920.

在國會里，賦予婦女選舉權(quán)的主要障礙來自南方。 擔(dān)心聯(lián)邦政府對投票權(quán)控制力度的任何強化,都將威脅南方新近對黑人選舉權(quán)的剝奪，國會中的全體南方議員，他們是清一色的民主黨人，一貫反對賦予婦女選舉權(quán)。但是，隨著第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間從事商業(yè)和工業(yè)的婦女人數(shù)的增長，改革不可抗拒。最后到1919年，在共和黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，國會批準(zhǔn)將婦女選舉權(quán)修正案提交到各州。1920年8月，第19條修正案成為美國憲法的一部分。

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歷史理解要點：

主要由于國會內(nèi)部南方政客的阻撓，經(jīng)過長期艱苦的斗爭,在美國憲法頒布后的130多年后, 美國婦女才獲得選舉權(quán), 取得了政治平等。但是要徹底鏟除性別歧視，使婦女獲得真正的社會平等,還有相當(dāng)長的路要走。

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