定語(yǔ)從句
1.定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)及理解
2.定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞的使用
3.定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化表達(dá)
知識(shí)總結(jié)歸納
(一)定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu):在復(fù)合句中,修飾某個(gè)名詞或代詞的句子(做這個(gè)名詞或代詞的定語(yǔ))叫定語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句一般放在被修飾的名詞或代詞后面,被修飾的名詞或代詞叫做定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞,它與定語(yǔ)從句之間要有一個(gè)詞連接,這個(gè)詞指代先行詞的內(nèi)容叫做關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞:that,which,who,whose,when,where,why)。先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),原因狀語(yǔ)。
結(jié)構(gòu):先行詞+關(guān)系詞+定語(yǔ)從句。
1.Thereshesawawallofwaterthatwasquicklyadvancingtowardsher.
2.InJapan,someonewhoseesanotherpersonmakingthegesturewillthinkitmeansmoney.
3.Athemeparkisacollectionofrides,exhibitionsorotherattractionsthatarebasedonacommontheme.
4.TheparkhasaconservationcenterthathelpsprotectmarineanimalsandtheirhabitatsintheriversandcoastalwatersofAsia.
5.Visitorscangoonexcitingrideswheretheycanfeelwhatitisliketodothethingstheyhaveseentheirheroesdointhemovie.
6.OprahWinfreyisablackwomanwhoserisetofameisaninspiringstory.
(二)定語(yǔ)從句分為限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:
限定性定語(yǔ)從句:從句對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行必要的描述或說明,缺少它,則句義顯得不完整,從句與先行詞緊密相連。
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:對(duì)先行詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明,解釋,它與先行詞之間有逗號(hào)隔開。
1.Beforeshecouldmove,sheheardaloudnoise,whichgrewtoaterribleroar.
2.Treeaftertreewentdown,cutdownbythewater,whichmusthavebeenthreemetersdeep.
3.Flora,whosebeautifulhairanddresswereallcoldandwet,startedcrying.
4.Theirtalkincludesrhythmandrhymingwordsaswellastonguetwisters,whichoftenmaketheaudienceapplaud.
(三)關(guān)系詞前面可以根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容加上一些介詞,這些關(guān)系詞在介詞后面常用which或whom.
1.TherewasamanwithwhomIwouldhavetoworktogetherandfinallythemanagerofthecompany.
2.Manypeoplewhosawthefilmwereafraidtoswimintheseawhentheyrememberedthescenesinwhichpeoplewereeatenbytheshark.
知識(shí)重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)
(一)當(dāng)先行詞有最高級(jí),序數(shù)詞修飾,是不定代詞,或是all,no,only等形式時(shí),關(guān)系代詞一般用that,而不能用which。
1.TheTitanicwasthelargestshipthathadeverbeenbuiltatthattime.
2.Thereisonethingthatkeepsworryingme.
(二)當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),原因的詞時(shí),關(guān)系詞用when,where,why還有which,that
1.I’mverygladtoreturntomyhometownwhereIhadlivedfor10years.
2.ThisismyhometownwhichIusedtotalkabouttoyou.
3.IthinkIcanunderstandthereasonwhyhedidn’ttellthetruthtome.
4.Noonebelievesthereasonthathegaveusabouthisabsenceatthemeeting.
(三)定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化表達(dá):
1.ThemanwhoissittingontheplatformisaprofessorfromWuhanUniversity.
2.Theletterthatwasmailedlastnightwillreachhimtomorrow.
3.Thequestionthatisbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.
4.Youarewelcometoapartytobegiveninourclassat7:45.
說明:以上的定語(yǔ)從句部分可以用更加簡(jiǎn)單的非謂語(yǔ)形式表達(dá)出來:
1.ThemansittingontheplatformisaprofessorfromWuhanUniversity.
2.Thelettermailedlastnightwillreachhimtomorrow.
3.Thequestionbeingdiscussedisveryimportant.
4.Youarewelcometoapartytobegiveninourclassat7:45.
說明:修飾一個(gè)名詞除了后面用定語(yǔ)從句以外,還可以用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式:doing短語(yǔ),done短語(yǔ),beingdone短語(yǔ),tobedone短語(yǔ)修飾。其結(jié)構(gòu)和意思如下:
1.被修飾名詞+doing短語(yǔ):正在做….的人/正在發(fā)生的事。
2.被修飾名詞+done短語(yǔ):被…..的人/事
3.被修飾名詞+beingdone短語(yǔ):正在被…..的人/事
4.被修飾名詞+tobedone短語(yǔ):將要被…..的人/事
(1)Doyouknowthemantalkingtomysister?
(2)The“crazy”gesture,movingtheindexfingerinacircleinfrontoftheear,means“youhaveaphonecall”inBrazil.
(3)Didyouseethatcarbeingrepaired?
(4)Inacamera,thelensmustbefocusedontheobjecttobephotographed.
(5)Thestudentstoattendthemeetingwillarriveheretomorrow.
(6)GoodsimportedfromabroadarenotalwaysbetterthanthosemadeinChina.
(7)TheYellowRiver,saidtobe“themotherriver”runsacrossChinalikeahugedragon.
總結(jié):以上做定語(yǔ)的那些短語(yǔ)就是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中所說的分詞,不定式的各種形式作定語(yǔ)。
1.這些短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)應(yīng)放在被修飾名詞的后面。如果單獨(dú)一個(gè)V-ing或V-ed形式作定語(yǔ),則可以放在被修飾名詞前面。
2.分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),其動(dòng)作應(yīng)與全句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。V-ing表示主動(dòng)意義和正在做,V-ed表示被動(dòng)意義。beingdone表示正在被做的
3.不定式作定語(yǔ)表示將要發(fā)生的,tobedone表示將要被做的
【典型例題】
[例1]Friendshipisneededbyall,_____playsanimportantroleinpeople’slives.
A.whichB.thatC.whoD.it
分析:_____playsanimportantroleinpeople’slives為非限定性定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞Friendship用which連接定語(yǔ)從句。
答案:A
[例2]UncleLi_____Iworkedthreeyearsagohasretirednow.
A.whoB.whomC.withwhomD.towhom
分析:_____Iworkedthreeyearsago作為定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞UncleLi,從句完整的表達(dá)是:IworkedwithUncleLithreeyearsago.所以關(guān)系詞前應(yīng)加上介詞with。
答案:C
[例3]Isthisthereason_____atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?
A.heexplainedB.whatheexplainedC.howheexplainedD.whyheexplained
分析:定語(yǔ)從句_____atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork修飾先行詞thereason指“他在會(huì)上就他工作中的粗心解釋的原因。先行詞在從句中做賓語(yǔ)。
答案:A
[例4]Teachers,_____workisratherhard,arebeingbetterpaidthanbefore.
A.whoB.thatC.whichD.whose
分析:非限定性定語(yǔ)從句_____workisratherhard修飾先行詞teachers,它與從句中的work是從屬關(guān)系,關(guān)系詞用whose
答案:D
[例5]TheOlympicGames,_____in776BC,didn’tincludedwomenplayersuntil1912.
A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayed
C.firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying
分析:公元前776年被首次舉行的奧運(yùn)會(huì),直到1912年才容納女運(yùn)動(dòng)員。_____in776BC做定語(yǔ)修飾TheOlympicGames,指過去的內(nèi)容,表示被動(dòng)。用done做定語(yǔ)。
答案:C
[例6]Thehouses_____fortheteachersandtheconstructionworkwillstartsoon.
A.builtB.tobebuiltC.tobuildD.beingbuilt
分析:根據(jù)句意房子即將開工。_____fortheteachersandtheconstructionwork修飾Thehouses應(yīng)為ThehousesThehouses將要為教師和施工修建的房子。
答案:B
[例7]Howmanyofus_____,ameetingthatisnotimportanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?
A.attendedB.attendingC.toattendD.haveattended
分析:根據(jù)句意:比如說,我們當(dāng)中參加一個(gè)對(duì)我們毫不重要的會(huì)議的人會(huì)有多少人對(duì)這個(gè)討論感興趣呢?_____,say,ameetingthatisnotimportanttous修飾Howmanyofus做定語(yǔ)。與全句動(dòng)作同步.
答案:B
[例8]Shehasthreechildren,_____isworkinginAustralia.
A.whoB.oneofwhomC.oneofthemD.noneofthem
分析:非限定性定語(yǔ)從句__isworkinginAustralia修飾先行詞threechildren,根據(jù)從句中的is判斷,是說:三個(gè)孩子中的一個(gè)在澳大利亞工作。
答案:B
【模擬試題】
1.Susanistheverygirl_____thegooddeed.
A.whomIthinkdidB.whomIthinkshedid
C.whoIthinkdidD.Ithinkwhodid
2.Luckily,thepoorboyhadenoughmoney_____hecouldbuyatrainticket.
A.bywhichB.onwhichC.withwhichD.forwhich
3.Thebook_____hedevotedmuchtimeistocomeoutnextmonth.
A.whereB.whichC.towhichD.onwhich
4.Thedaycamefinally_____Iwasgivenanopportunitytoactintheplay.
A.whenB.inthatC.whichD.inwhich
5.1.Don’tyouthinkthequestion_____tomorrowisofgreatimportance.
A.beingdiscussedB.discussed
C.tobediscussedD.todiscuss
6.Thefood_____atthemomentisforthedinnerparty.
A.cookedB.tobecookedC.isbeingcookedD.beingcooked
7.Doyouknowtheteacher_____underthebigtree?
A.readB.readsC.readingD.beingread
【試題答案】
1.CSusan正是我認(rèn)為作了好事的那位女孩。先行詞theverygirl在從句中做think的賓語(yǔ),同時(shí)又是后面賓語(yǔ)從句didthegooddeed.的主語(yǔ),所以關(guān)系詞不能用whom
2.C定語(yǔ)從句_____hecouldbuyatrainticket.修飾先行詞money:用這筆錢買火車票。關(guān)系詞前面需要加介詞:with
3.C定語(yǔ)從句_____hedevotedmuchtime意思是:他把大量的時(shí)間都投入在這本書上了。devote….tosth.關(guān)系詞前加介詞:to
4.A定語(yǔ)從句_____Iwasgivenanopportunitytoactintheplay修飾先行詞theday:先行詞theday在從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):在這一天我得到了扮演一個(gè)角色的機(jī)會(huì)。
5.C短語(yǔ)_____tomorrow做定語(yǔ)修飾thequestion,根據(jù)表達(dá)的內(nèi)容:明天即將被討論的問題。應(yīng)當(dāng)用不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)做定語(yǔ)。
6.D短語(yǔ)_____atthemoment做thefood的定語(yǔ),表示:正在做的食物。Beingdone做定語(yǔ)表示:正在被……的……。
7.C現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)readingunderthebigtree做定語(yǔ)修飾theteacher表示:正在大樹下看書的那位老師。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
1.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的推測(cè)表達(dá)
2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表達(dá)虛擬語(yǔ)氣
3.某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法
知識(shí)重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)總結(jié)
知識(shí)重點(diǎn):
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在表達(dá)推測(cè)意義的句子中的運(yùn)用:
(一)用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表達(dá)事實(shí)的推測(cè)。can,could,might,may,must可以用來表達(dá)對(duì)事實(shí)的推測(cè)。根據(jù)說話人對(duì)事實(shí)的把握性大小,must表示“肯定…”,may/might/can/could表示“可能……”,must只用于肯定句中,may/might的否定式maynot/mightnot表示“可能不……”,而can/could可以用于疑問句,表示“可能,可能……嗎?”,其否定式can’t/couldn’t表示“不可能”。用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞可以對(duì)現(xiàn)在或過去的事實(shí)進(jìn)行推測(cè)。對(duì)不同的時(shí)間內(nèi)容推測(cè)有不同的結(jié)構(gòu)。
(二)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)進(jìn)行推測(cè):
主要結(jié)構(gòu):…must/may/might+動(dòng)詞原形
be+名詞/形容詞/介詞短語(yǔ)
be+doing
例句:
1.YoumustbeJeanne.I’mMathildeLoisel.Weusedtoknoweachotherverywell.
2.Theymustbeinbedalreadyatthistimeofthenight.
3.Theteachermustbejoking.
4.Fredaisn’tinclass.Shemustbesick.
5.Theremustbesomethingwrong.
6.Shemightbeveryclever,butshehasn’tgotmuchcommonsense.
7.Hemaybearrivingthisevening.
8.Hemaybetravelingaroundtheworld.
9.Thekeyscan’tbeintheroom.Ihavejustsearcheditverycarefully.
10.Canthenewsbetrue?
(三)對(duì)過去的事實(shí)進(jìn)行推測(cè):結(jié)構(gòu):情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+havedone/been+名詞/形容詞/介詞短語(yǔ)
例句:
1.Mrs.Longmansmusthavebeenaprettygirlinheryouth.
2.Hecouldn’thaveseenAnnayesterday.She’sgoneabroad.
3.IthinkImusthaveleftmyglassesinthelibrary.
4.Hemighthaveoversleptagain.
5.WherecanTomhavegone?
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表達(dá)虛擬語(yǔ)氣:表達(dá)“本來…”,“不然早就…”。這是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一種虛擬語(yǔ)氣用法。表示說話人所講的與所發(fā)生的事實(shí)相反。表達(dá)了說話人的埋怨,后悔的語(yǔ)氣。其結(jié)構(gòu)是在一些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加havedone結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)要表達(dá)的意思,有如下結(jié)構(gòu):
shouldhavedone/oughttohavedone:本應(yīng)該……
shouldn’thavedone/oughtn’ttohavedone:本不該……
couldhavedone:本來可以……
needn’thavedone:本來沒必要……
wouldliketohavedone:本來很想……
wouldrathernothavedone:本來不愿意……
could/might/havedone:不然早就……
例句:
1.Youshouldn’thavelaughedathismistakes.
2.Youcouldhavetoldusearlier.
3.Ioughttohaveboughtthatdictionarylastweek.
4.Yououghtnottohavespentsomuchtimeinreadingnovels.
5.Weneednothavebeeninatearinghurrytocatchthetrain.
6.Theywouldliketohaveseenthatfilmlastfilm.
7.Ifhehadgivenmehisnumber,Icouldhavetelephonedhim.
8.Theymighthavebeenfrozentodeathbutfortherescueintime.
知識(shí)難點(diǎn):
某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法:
need和dare的兩種形式的用法
need和dare可以用做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,后面接不定式(todo)結(jié)構(gòu),在疑問句和否定句中,加助動(dòng)詞do/does/did/或don’t/doesn’t/didn’t。作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用時(shí),主要用于疑問句和否定句中。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞needn’t(沒有必要,不必)相當(dāng)于don’thaveto
例句:
1.Itiscold,youneedtowearsomewarmclothes.
2.NeedIstayherewithyouforawhile?Thankyou,youneedn’t.
3.Howdareyouspeaktoparentslikethat?
注意:
句型Idaresay+從句。意思是:我肯定……=I’msure或Thereisnodoubtthat+從句。
例句:
IdaresaythatmyunclewillgetthemoneyifIdie.
will和would
表示“意志”或“愿意”,would則指過去愿意做……
例句:
1.Hesaidthathewouldhelpus.
2.Youmaytelephoneifyouwillacceptthisjob.
would可以表達(dá)“過去習(xí)慣做……”類似于“usedtodo”
例句:
1.Whenwewerechildren,wewouldgoswimmingeverysummerinthatriver.
表示請(qǐng)求,固定的句型:Will/Wouldyoupleasedo…?/Wouldyouliketodo…?
例句:Will/Wouldyoupleasegivehimamessagewhenyouseehim?
shall
1.用于第一,三人稱,表示“請(qǐng)求”;“建議”或“推薦”
例句:
1.Shallwestartthemeetingnow?
2.ShallIwatchTVnow?
3.Shallmysoncarrythecaseforyou?
2.用于第二人稱,表示“命令,“要求”,“許諾”
例句:
1.Youshalltakewhateveryoulike.
2.Youshallnotgotothepartywithmeifyoumakesomuchnoiseagain.
在表示推測(cè)的否定句或疑問句中,常用can/can’t/could/couldn’t表示,意思是:“可能…嗎?”;“…不可能…”。而不能使用mustn’t或must等詞。
【典型例題】
1.—Doyouthinkhewilldomeafavor?
—AsfarasIknow,heisthelastonetohelpothers.He_____bepreparedtogiveyouahand,though.
A.mightB.mustC.canD.should
分析:本題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞推測(cè)性用法。根據(jù)heisthelastonetohelpothers.(他是最不可能幫助別人的人),既然如此,那么“幫助你”的可能性也就最小了。答案為A
2.—Look,someoneiscoming.Guesswhoit____be?
—Ithinkit___beTom.
—Idon’tthinkit___be____.
A.can;must;can;heB.may;can;must;him
C.must;can;must;hisD.might;must;can;himself
分析:根據(jù)備選答案。can表示推測(cè)時(shí)用于疑問句或否定句中。本題首句就應(yīng)該是Guesswhocanitbe?第二句應(yīng)該是IthinkitmustbeTom.(說話人十分肯定)。第三句表達(dá)了說話人對(duì)前一個(gè)人的否定。即:Idon’tthinkitcanbehim/he.(不可能是他)。答案為A
3.—DoyouknowMs.Wanglikeswalkingaftersupper?
—Sure.She____aroundthecampusnow.
A.mustbewalkingB.mustwalk
C.maywalkD.maybewalking
分析:關(guān)鍵詞Sure告訴我們說話人的口氣十分肯定。根據(jù)句子語(yǔ)境:她此刻肯定正在校園散步呢。mustbedoing表示肯定正在做。答案為A
4.—IstayedatahotelinNewYork.
—Oh,didyou?You_____withBarbara.
A.couldhavestayedB.couldstayC.wouldsayD.musthavestayed
分析:首句說:我在紐約住在一家賓館里。在此ahotel是泛指。所以D選項(xiàng)不合題意。第二句在說:你本來可以和Barbara.住在一起的。Couldhavedone表示:本來可以。答案為A
5.Whydidn’tyoutellmetherewasnomeetingtoday?I_____allthewayherethroughtheheavysnow.
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