過去分詞
一、概念
過去分詞是非謂語動詞的一種，表示動作的被動或完成。過去分詞只有一種形式：規(guī)則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾—ed構(gòu)成，不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求，要一一記住。
二、用法
過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞一樣，作用相當(dāng)于形容詞和副詞，在句中可充當(dāng)定語、表語、補(bǔ)語、狀語。
1、作定語
①單個(gè)的過去分詞作定語，絕大部分情況下放在所修飾的名詞前面，過去分詞短語作定語則一定要放在所修飾的名詞后面。
leaves 落葉 sun 已升起的太陽
people 困在電梯里的人
注意：a. 如果被修飾的詞是由some/ any / no+thing / body / one 所形成的不定代詞或指示代詞
those等時(shí)，雖然一個(gè)單一的分詞作形容詞用，也要放在被修飾詞之后。
Is there anything ? 還有什么問題沒有解決嗎？
b. left, concerned (有關(guān)的)作后置定語。
剩余的錢 有關(guān)的學(xué)生
②過去分詞作定語時(shí)與定語從句的關(guān)系：及物動詞的過去分詞可改為定語從句。
the time = the time 失去的時(shí)間
The student is his daughter.
=The student who is his daughter.
在考試中被抓住作弊的那個(gè)學(xué)生是他的女兒。
③一些過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化的形容詞修飾look, smile, voice, expression等名詞，表示人的情感。
From his (puzzle) expression, I know he hasn’t understood it.
2、作表語
過去分詞作表語時(shí)并無“完成”或“被動”之意，表示主語的感情或狀態(tài)。
I felt (disappoint) at his behavior.
過去分詞作表語不要與被動語態(tài)混為一體。它們的主要區(qū)別是：被動語態(tài)表示主語所承受的動作，過去分詞作表語表示主語的特點(diǎn)或所處的狀態(tài)。試比較：
The window is broken.
The window was broken by that boy .
3、作補(bǔ)足語
過去分詞可在某些動詞如make, have, get, find, leave, keep, see, hear, notice, watch, feel等動詞或某些介詞如with的賓語之后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。用來表示該動作的被動、完成。
I heard the song several times last week.上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
With the work , they went out to play.工作做完了，他們出去玩去了。
Please get the report as soon as possible.請盡快把報(bào)告打出來。
4、作狀語
過去分詞作狀語表示被動的和完成的動作(不及物動詞的過去分詞不表示被動，只表示完成)。
過去分詞作狀語可以表示時(shí)間、原因、方式或伴隨、條件、讓步等情況。
①表示時(shí)間
, the park looks very beautiful. 從山上看，這公園看起來很漂亮。
, the dictionary will be very popular. 一旦出版，這字典會很受歡迎。
②表示原因
, he was all wet.因?yàn)榱芰艘粓龃笥�，他全身濕透了�?br /> , he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表揚(yáng)，他成為父母的驕傲。
③表示方式或伴隨
, the old man went into the room.
那位老人在他的妻子的攙扶下走進(jìn)了房間。
The teacher walked into the classroom, .
老師走進(jìn)教室，他的學(xué)生跟在后面。
④表示條件
, we could do the work better.
要是給更多的時(shí)間，我們會把工作做得更好。
, you should make greater efforts to study English.
和你哥哥相比，你應(yīng)該更加努力學(xué)習(xí)英語。
⑤表示讓步
, he refused to betray his country.
雖然受到敵人的嚴(yán)刑拷打，他仍然不出賣國家。
, the farmers were still working in the fields.
盡管有風(fēng)暴警告，農(nóng)民們?nèi)栽诘乩锔苫睢?br />注意：
a. 過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，邏輯主語一般與句子的主語一致，如不一致，必須加上邏輯主語，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。
All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied.
所有的書期末時(shí)都還了，圖書管理員很高興。
The boy rushed into the classroom, .
這男孩沖進(jìn)教室，臉上全是汗。
b. 當(dāng)when , unless , once, if , whenever, though , although 等連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中的主語與主句的主語一致，且從句為被動語態(tài)時(shí)，從句可用省略形式，即“連接詞+動詞的過去分詞”形式。
, he said nothing .當(dāng)問到他時(shí)，他什么也沒說。
, the medicine has no side effects.如果按說明服用，這藥沒有副作用。
三、過去分詞的否定式：not+過去分詞
The house will look smaller if .
如果這房子不刷成白色，就會顯得小些。
, the trees died.
沒有得到好好的照顧，這些樹死了。
, he felt very disappointed.
沒得到老師的表揚(yáng)，他很失望。
四、一些過去分詞短語單獨(dú)作狀語，如born in …, dressed in …, lost in …, buried in …, absorbed in …, prepared for …等。
(陷入沉思)，he didn’t notice what had happened.
(穿著白衣服),she looks more beautiful.
(坐在桌子旁), my father and I were talking about my job.
The policeman put down the phone, with a smile on his face.
A. satisfiedB. satisfyingC. to be satisfiedD. having satisfied
語法隨堂練習(xí) No.9
一、短語翻譯
1. 一艘沉船 2. 一支點(diǎn)著的煙
3. 一個(gè)醉酒的人 4. 一次有組織的旅行
5. 發(fā)達(dá)國家 6. 發(fā)展中國家
7. 已升起的太陽 8. 正在升起的太陽
9. 一個(gè)叫James的人 10. 一個(gè)自稱James的人
二、用動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空
1. (bear) into a poor family, the boy has only two years of schooling.
2. (compare) with many others, English Weekly is a more (satisfy) newspaper.
3. The young girl left the place, (determine) never to come back again.
4. The noise of planes is likely to cause deafness if (hear) continually.
5. (compare) with his sister , he feels very lucky .
6. The (surprise) look on his face suggested that he hadn’t expected that.
7. The result of the test was rather (disappoint). He was very (disappoint) at it.
8. I’ve never heard the word (use) in spoken English.
9. They often saw the boy (beat) by his master.
10. I’ll have the book (bring) over to you.
11. Where did you get your watch (repair)?
12. Deeply (involve) in my book, I didn’t hear you knock.
三、選擇
( )1. in a friendly way, their quarrel came to an end.
A. Being settledB. SettledC. Having settledD. Settling
( )2. one of the leading poets in America today , Sonia has also written a number of novels and
plays.
A. Considering beingB. ConsideredC Having considered asD. To consider
( )3. It was getting dark; I found a car in a pool by the side of the road.
A. to be stuckB. stuckC. stickingD. stick
( )4. The thief fell to the ground, his left foot and blood down from his mouth.
A. breaking, runningB. broken, running
C. breaking, runD. broken, run
( )5. When he came to himself, he found himself on a chair, with his hands back.
A. to sit, tyingB. sitting, tyingC. seating, tiedD. seated, tied
( )6. and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
A. SurprisingB. Surprised
C. Being surprisedD. To be surprising
( )7. You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it often enough.
A. explainingB. to explainC. explainD. explained
( )8. in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.
A. DressedB. To dressC. DressingD. Having dressed
( )9. When help, one often says “Thank you! ”or “ It’s very kind of you!”
A. offeringB. to offerC. to be offeredD. offered
( )10. more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. GivenB. To giveC. GivingD. Having given
( )11. from the moon, our earth, with water seventy percent of its surface, appears as a “blue ball”.
A. Seeing, coveringB. Seeing, coveredC. Seen, coveringD. To see, covered
( )12. What’s the language in Germany?
A. speakingB. spokenC. be spokenD. to spoken
( )13. The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself .
A. hearB. to hearC. hearingD. heard
( )14. The Olympic Games, in 776 BC, did not include women players until 1912.
A. first playingB. to be first playedC. first playedD. to be first playing
( )15. Cleaning women in big cities usually get by the hour.
A. payB. payingC. paidD. to pay
( )16. From his look on his face, the price of meat must have risen.
A. disappointedB. disappointingC. satisfiedD. satisfying
( )17. in thought , he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. LosingB. Having lostC. LostD. To lose
( )18. Most of the artists to the party were from South Africa.
A. invitedB. to inviteC. being invitedD. had been invited
( )19. The computer center, last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. openB. openingC. having openedD. opened
( )20. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying outC. carried outD. to carry out
( )21. with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.
A. To faceB. Having facedC. FacedD. Facing
( )22. —How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
—The key the problem is to meet the demand by the customers.
A. to solving, makingB. to solving, madeC. to solve, makingD. to solve, made
( )23. It shames me to say it ,but I told a lie when at the meeting by my boss.
A. questioningB. having questionedC. questionedD. to be questioned
( )24. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain as the plane was making a landing.
A. seatB. seatingC. seatedD. to be seating
( )25. to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
A. ExposedB. Having exposedC. Being exposedD. After being exposed
( )26. many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.
A. Having been toldB. Though he had been told
C. He was toldD. Having told
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