5、more than / less than分別可以理解為“多于/少于”,相當(dāng)于副詞,more than=over; less than=under.如：I lived in New York for more than four months.(我在紐約生活了四個(gè)多月)
6、“one of the +最高級(jí)+名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”整個(gè)短語為單數(shù)含義,謂語要用單數(shù)形式。如：One of the oldest houses has been burnt in a fire.(最古老的一幢房子在一場(chǎng)大火中被燒毀了)
7、“Which / Who+動(dòng)詞+形/副,□,□or□?”句型中,如果有兩個(gè)選項(xiàng),形/副用比較級(jí),如果有三個(gè)選項(xiàng),形/副用最高級(jí)。如：Who has more books, Lin Tao or Han Mei?(林濤和韓梅誰的書最多？)/ Which is the heaviest,a pig,a horse or an elephant?(豬、馬、象哪個(gè)最重？)
8、上下文中含有both/either/neither/two/twins等表示兩個(gè)事物的詞時(shí),用比較級(jí),而且往往還要加the；含有all/none/no one/ every 等表示三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上事物時(shí),用最高級(jí)。如： --Do you like the smaller one?—Neither.(小一點(diǎn)的那個(gè)你喜歡嗎？一個(gè)都不喜歡)/ --Which do you like best? ?All of them!(你最喜歡哪個(gè)？全部。)
七、介詞：
1、介詞的主要用法：
介詞是一種虛詞,不能獨(dú)立使用。介詞之后一般有名詞或代詞(賓格)或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句作它的賓語,即構(gòu)成介詞短語。有些介詞是由兩個(gè)以上的詞構(gòu)成的短語介詞,如：out of(從…中出來), because of(因?yàn)?, away from(距離…), on top of(在…頂上), ever since(自從…), next to(在…隔壁), according to(根據(jù)…), in front of(在…前方)等。
2、介詞的分類表： (見下表)
地點(diǎn)(位置、范圍)介詞：above在…前, about在…附近, across在…對(duì)面, after在…后面, against倚著..., along在…近旁, among在…中間, around在…周圍, round在….周圍, at在…處, before在...前, behind在...后, below低于..., beside在...旁邊, between在...之間, by在...旁, down在...下面, from來自..., in在...里面, inside在...里面, near靠近..., of在...之中, on在...上面, out of在...之外, outside在....外面, over在....上方, under在...下方, up在...上面, on top of在...頂部, in front of在...前, close to靠近..., in the middle of在...的中間, at the end of在...的末端,等等。
方向(目標(biāo)趨向)介詞：across橫越..., against對(duì)抗..., along沿著..., around繞著..., round環(huán)繞..., at朝著..., behind向…后面, etween…and…從…到...,by路過/通過..., down向…下, for向..., from從/離..., in進(jìn)入..., into進(jìn)入..., inside到...里面, near接近..., off脫離/除..., on向...上, out of向...外, outside向....外, over跨過..., past經(jīng)過/超過..., through穿過..., to向/朝..., towards朝著..., on to到...上面, onto到...上面, up向...上, away from遠(yuǎn)離...
時(shí)間介詞：about大約..., after在…以后, at在… (時(shí)刻), before在…以前, by到…為止, during在…期間, for有…(之久), from從…(時(shí))起, in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后, on在(某日), past過了…(時(shí)), since自從…(至今), through 貫穿…(期間), till直到…時(shí), until直到…時(shí), to到(下一時(shí)刻), ever since從那時(shí)起至今,at the beginning of在...開始時(shí) ,at the end of在...末 , in the middle of在...當(dāng)中 ,at the time of在...時(shí)
方式介詞：as作為/當(dāng)作..., by用/由/乘坐/被..., in用…(語言), like與…一樣, on騎(車)/徒(步),通過(收音機(jī)/電視機(jī)), over通過(收音機(jī)), through通過..., with用(材料),用(手/腳/耳/眼), without沒有…
涉及介詞: about關(guān)于..., except除了…, besides除了…還... for對(duì)于/就…而言, in在…(方面), of…的,有關(guān)..., on關(guān)于/有關(guān)..., to對(duì)…而言, towards針對(duì)..., with就…而言
其它介詞:
【目的介詞】 for為了..., from防止…, to為了…
【原因介詞】 for因?yàn)?.., with由于…, because of因?yàn)?..
【比較介詞】 as與…一樣,like象…一樣,than比...,to與…相比, unlike與…不同
【伴隨/狀態(tài)介詞】 against和…一起(比賽),at在(上班/休息/上學(xué)/家,etc.),in穿著…(衣服/顏色),into變成...,on在(值日), with與…一起,有/帶著/長(zhǎng)著..., without沒有/無/不與…一起
3、介詞短語的句法作用：
介詞短語相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞或副詞,可用作狀語、定語和表語。如：The man came
4、在句子中的位置：
介詞短語做狀語時(shí),如果表示時(shí)間/地點(diǎn),可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴隨/涉及/原因/目的/比較,一般放在句尾； 介詞短語作表語時(shí)放在連系動(dòng)詞之后；介詞短語作定語時(shí),只能放在被修飾的名詞之后。如：He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year.(狀語)(他想來年在上海找份好工作)/ They searched the room for the thief.(他們?cè)诜块g里搜索小偷) / The letters are for you.(表語)(信是給你的)/ Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs?(定語)(你看見一只黑頭白腿的貓了嗎？)
5、重要注釋：
⑴ this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each等詞構(gòu)成的時(shí)間短語,前面不用任何介詞。如：Every year travellers from abroad come to visit Pingyao.(每年都有國(guó)外的游客來游覽平窯鎮(zhèn))/ He had a bad cold that week.(那個(gè)星期他患重感冒)
⑵ for有時(shí)用來引出動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語,常翻譯成“對(duì)于…而言”。如：It’s too hard for me to finish the work in only one hour.(讓我在區(qū)區(qū)一個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作太難了)/ The house is big enough for 10 men to live in.(房子夠大的可以容10個(gè)人住)
⑶ of有時(shí)用來表示后面的人物正好是前面的表語的邏輯主語。如：It’s very nice/kind of you to do so.(你這么做真是太好了)
⑷ 介詞有時(shí)會(huì)與它的賓語分離,而且賓語前置。
① 當(dāng)賓語是疑問詞時(shí)。Who are you talking about?(你們?cè)谡務(wù)撜l？)
② 賓語在從句中當(dāng)連接詞時(shí)。He has a younger brother who he must take good care of.(他有 一個(gè)需要他照顧的小弟。) / Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there?(你知道我們的老師在那邊和什么人談話嗎？)
③ 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語且該動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞,后面有介詞。I finally found a chair to sit on.(我 最終找到了一張椅子坐。)
(5) 記住一些固定詞組：arrive at/in(到達(dá)…),on foot(步行),not…at all(根本不),to the north of(在…以北),in the east of(在…的東部),in the night(在夜間),at night(在晚上),be afraid of(害怕…),be full of(充滿/ 裝滿….),be filled with(充滿/ 裝滿….),be good/bad for(對(duì)…有益/有害),be made of(由…做成),be made from(由…制造),play with(玩�！�),look out of(朝…外面看),at the end of(在…末梢/結(jié)束時(shí)),by the end of(不遲于…/到…末為止),with the help of或with one’s help(在…的幫助下),look after(照料…),look for(尋找…),on a bike(=by bike)騎車, help sb. with(幫某人做…),get on (well) with(與某人相處[融洽]),等等。
6、某些介詞的用法辨析：
⑴ 時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)介詞in、on、at的用法區(qū)別：表示時(shí)間時(shí), in表示在一段時(shí)間里(在將來時(shí)句子中則表示在一段時(shí)間之后), on表示在具體的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某個(gè)時(shí)刻或者瞬間； 表示地點(diǎn)時(shí), in表示在某個(gè)范圍之內(nèi), on表示在某個(gè)平面上或與一個(gè)面相接觸,at則表示在某個(gè)具體的場(chǎng)所或地點(diǎn)。如：He was born on the morning of May 10th.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 7：00 in the morning.(我通常在早上的七點(diǎn)鐘起床) / His glasses are right on his nose.(他的眼鏡就架在他的鼻子上)/ He is at the cinema at the moment.(此刻他正在電影院)
⑵ after與in表示時(shí)間的用法區(qū)別：“after+(具體時(shí)刻/從句)”表示“在…時(shí)刻之后”常用于一般時(shí)態(tài)；“in+(一段時(shí)間)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于將來時(shí)態(tài)。如：He said that he would be here after 6：00.(他說他六點(diǎn)鐘之后會(huì)來這兒)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month.(我父親大約一個(gè)月以后從英國(guó)回來)
⑶ since與for表示時(shí)間的用法區(qū)別：“since+(具體時(shí)刻/that-從句)”表示“自從…起一直到現(xiàn)在”,“for +(一段?間)”表示“總共有…之久”,都常用于完成時(shí)態(tài)；如：Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(李叔叔自從1970年起就在這家工廠工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在這家工廠已經(jīng)工作了30多年)
⑷ by、in與with表示方式的用法區(qū)別：都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某個(gè)交通工具或“以……方式”,在被動(dòng)句中可以表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；in表示“使用”某種語言/文字,with表示“使用”某個(gè)具體的工具、手段。如：We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我們用眼睛看東西,用雙腳走路)/ Please write that article(文章) in English.(請(qǐng)你用英語寫那篇文章)/ Let’s go to the zoo by taxi.(我們打的去動(dòng)物園吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍寫的)
⑸ about與on的用法區(qū)別：都可以表示“有關(guān)…”,但是about的意義比較廣,而on主要表示“有關(guān)…(專題/課程)”。如：Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America.(湯姆要作一個(gè)美國(guó)歷史的報(bào)告)/ They are very excited talking about the coming field trip.(他們興致勃勃地談?wù)撝磳淼降囊巴饴糜?
⑹ through與across、over的用法區(qū)別： through指“穿過…(門洞/人群/樹林)”； across和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互換,但是表示“翻過…”時(shí)只能用over. 如：Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那時(shí)一只老鼠跑過路面)/ There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座橋)/ They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.(他們翻過大山提前到達(dá)了那里)/ The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(參觀者們穿過一個(gè)大門來到另一個(gè)公園)
(7)as與like的區(qū)別：兩個(gè)詞都表示“像……”,但是as譯為“作為……”,表示的是職業(yè)、職務(wù)、作用等事實(shí),而like譯為“像……一樣”,表示外表,不是事實(shí)。如：Let me speak to you as a father.(我以父親的身份和你講話。)(說話者是聽者的父親) / Let me speak to you like a father.(讓我像一位父親一樣和你講話)(說話者不是聽者的父親)
(8)at the end of、by the end of、to the end、in the end的用法區(qū)別：at the end of…既可以表示時(shí)間也可以表示地點(diǎn),譯為“在…末；在…盡頭”,常與過去時(shí)連用；by the end of…只能表示時(shí)間,譯為“在…前；到…為止”,常用于過去完成時(shí)； in the end與at last基本等義,表示“終于、最后”,通常用于過去時(shí)；to the end譯為“到…的終點(diǎn)為止”,前面往往有表示運(yùn)動(dòng)或連續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞。如：By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book III.(到上學(xué)期期末我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了第三冊(cè)16個(gè)單元)/ At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows.(在路的盡頭你能找到一幢有棕色窗戶的白房子)/ They left for Beijing at the end of last week.(上周末他們動(dòng)身去了北京)/ In the end he succeeded in the final exams.(他最終在期末考試中考及格了)/ We should go on with the work to the end.(我們應(yīng)該把工作干到底)/ Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.(沿這條路走到底就能看見一家郵電局)
(9)for a moment、for the moment、in a moment、at the moment的區(qū)別：for a moment“一會(huì)兒、片刻”(=for a while),常與持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用；for the moment“暫時(shí)、目前”,常用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)；in a moment“一會(huì)兒、立即、馬上”(=soon; in a few minutes),一般用于將來時(shí)；at the moment“此刻,眼下”(=now),用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：Please wait for a moment.(請(qǐng)稍等)/ Let’s leave things as they are for the moment.(暫時(shí)就維持現(xiàn)狀吧！) / I’ll come back in a moment.(我過會(huì)兒回來)/ I am very busy at the moment.(眼下我很忙)
(10)but的問題：用介詞but引出另一個(gè)動(dòng)詞時(shí),要注意：如果前面有do,后面就用原形動(dòng)詞,前面沒有do時(shí),后面的動(dòng)詞要加to。如：I could do nothing but wait.(我什么也做不了只能等) / They had no choice(選擇) but to fight.(他們沒有選擇只有戰(zhàn)斗)
(11)in front of 與in the front of： in front of“在…的前面”, 與in the front of“在…的前部”。如：A car was parking in front of the hall.(大廳跟前停著一輛汽車)/ In the front of the hall stood a big desk.(大廳前部立著一個(gè)大講臺(tái))
(12)except與besides的區(qū)別：except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含；而besides“除了”則表示包含,即“不僅……又……”。如：Everyone went to the Palace Museum except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了故宮博物院)(Tom沒有去故宮)/ Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects.(除了漢語之外,他還學(xué)其他許多功課)(“漢語”也是他學(xué)的功課之一)
八、動(dòng)詞
1、動(dòng)詞的分類：
類 別
意 義
例 句
實(shí)義動(dòng)詞
含有實(shí)在的意義,表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),在句子中能獨(dú)立作謂語。
She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。
They eat a lot of potatoes. 他們常吃土豆。
I’m reading an English book now.
我現(xiàn)在正看一本英文書。
連系動(dòng)詞
本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語,必須和表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。
His father is a teacher.他父親是教師。
Twins usually look the same.
雙胞胎通常看起來一樣。
The teacher became very angry. 老師變得很生氣。
助動(dòng)詞
本身沒有詞義,不能獨(dú)立作謂語,只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞,用來表示否定、疑問、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)或其它語法形式,助動(dòng)詞自身有人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。
He doesn’t speak English. 他不說英語。
We are playing basketball. 我們?cè)诖蚧@球。
Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟嗎？
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
本身有一定的意義,不能獨(dú)立作謂語,只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞,表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)的變化,有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有過去式。
You can keep the books for two weeks.
這些書你可以借兩個(gè)星期。
May I smoke here? 我可以在這兒抽煙嗎？
We must go now. 我們現(xiàn)在得走了。
★重要注解：
(1) 關(guān)于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞：
① 英語的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又可分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞兩大類：
后面必須跟賓語意義才完整的叫及物動(dòng)詞；本身意義完整,后面不需跟賓語的叫不及物動(dòng)詞。
② 有些動(dòng)詞通常只作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。
有些動(dòng)詞通常用作及物動(dòng)詞。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。
③ 大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞可以兼作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。如：study, sing等。
④ 有些動(dòng)詞作及物動(dòng)詞與作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)的意義有所不同。如：know, wash等。
⑤ 有些動(dòng)詞常和介詞 、副詞或其它詞類一起構(gòu)成固定詞組,形成短語動(dòng)詞。如：listen,reply,wait,look.
(2) 關(guān)于連系動(dòng)詞：
① 連系動(dòng)詞用來連接主語和表語,連系動(dòng)詞后面常為形容詞。
② 常見的連系動(dòng)詞有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。
③ 有些連系動(dòng)詞來源于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,意思也跟著變化：look(看→看起來)、feel(感覺、摸→感到)、 smell(聞、嗅→聞起來)、taste(嘗→嘗起來)、turn(翻轉(zhuǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)→變得)、grow(生長(zhǎng)→變得)、get(得到、到達(dá)→變得)、go(去→變得),所不同的是,作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),后面不能跟形容詞。
[注釋]
become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法區(qū)別：become表示“變成”,比較正式,通常不用將來時(shí)表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。get也表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,但是更加口語化,通常表示溫度、時(shí)間、歲數(shù)等變化。go表示“變得”,常見于某些短語中,后面常有形容詞bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成為、當(dāng)”,多用于將來時(shí)、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“變得”,常指逐漸的變化,表示身高、歲數(shù)的增長(zhǎng)。turn表示“變得”,指變?yōu)榕c原先不同的情況,通常指顏色等變化。如：I was caught in the rain and I became ill.(我淋雨感冒了)/ He has got rich.(他變富了)/ He will be a scientist in the future.(將來他將成為科學(xué)家)/ My little brother has grown much taller in the past year.(在過去的一年里我的弟弟長(zhǎng)得高多了)/ The sandwich has gone bad.(那塊三明治已經(jīng)變壞)/ Her face turned red after her mother criticized(批評(píng)) her.(媽媽批評(píng)了他以后他的臉變紅了)
(3) 關(guān)于助動(dòng)詞：
①常見的助動(dòng)詞有：用于進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;用于完成時(shí)的have(has,had,having) ;用于將來時(shí)的shall (should) ; will (would)和用于一般時(shí)的do(does,did) .
②助動(dòng)詞必須同主語的人稱和數(shù)一致,也就是說因主語人稱、數(shù)的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助動(dòng)詞也可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如：shall, will, should, would.
(4) 關(guān)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：
①常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面必須加動(dòng)詞的原形。
②can表示體力、腦力方面的能力或客觀的可能性。口語中, 在詢問或說明一件事可不可以做時(shí),常用“can”代替“may”。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“can”的過去式是“could”,否定式是“cannot”通�？s寫成“can’t”,“could”的否定式是“could not”,通�？s寫成“couldn’t”。如：Can I help you?(要幫忙嗎？)/ He can swim.(他會(huì)游泳)/ That can’t be Mr Li.(那不可能是李先生)
③ may表示允許、請(qǐng)求或可能性,用may提問時(shí),肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes,you may.;否定回答一般用can’t或mustn’t. 如：May I ask you a question?—Certainly.(可以問你一個(gè)問題嗎？當(dāng)然可以)/ You may go now.(現(xiàn)在你可以走了)/ It may be in your pocket.(它可能在你的衣袋里)
④ must表示“必須”、“一定”的意思。表示“必須”時(shí)否定形式是mustn’t；表示“一定”時(shí),否定形式是“can’t” 如：We must be very careful when we cross the road.(我們過馬路時(shí)一定要非常小心)/ It must be Jack.(那準(zhǔn)是杰克)/ I haven’t seen Kate today. She can’t be here.(我今天沒有看到過凱特,她不可能在這里)
[注意]用must(必須)進(jìn)行提問時(shí),肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t；用must(一定)進(jìn)行提問時(shí),肯定回答仍用must,但是否定回答用can’t.如：Must we clean the room before we leave? ?Yes,you must.或No,you needn’t.(我們走之前必須要打掃房間嗎？是的,必須打掃。/ 不,不需要。) / Must she be in the romm? ?Yes,she must.或No,she can’t.(她一定在房間里嗎？是的,一定。/ 不,不可能在。)
⑤ “have to”表示“不得不”、“必須”。We’ll have to leave now for it is very late at night.
have to的疑問形式是：助動(dòng)詞+…+have to,否定形式是：助動(dòng)詞+not+have to或者用needn’t.如：Do you have to stay until 8 o’clock?(你得呆到8點(diǎn)鐘嗎？)/ You don’t have to do so.(=You needn’t do so.)(你不用這么做)
⑥ shall在問句中,可表示征求對(duì)方意見,與第一人稱連用；在陳述句的第二、三人稱的主語后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允許”等。如：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?(我們這個(gè)周末去動(dòng)物園好嗎？)/ He shall bring his own book next time.(他下次必須帶自己的書來)
⑦ should可表示“勸告”、“建議”、“驚奇”等意思。We should speak to old people politely.(我們應(yīng)該禮貌地對(duì)老人講話)
⑧ will表示“意愿”、“決心”等意思,一般與第二人稱連用。如：Will you please close the door for me?(請(qǐng)你替我把門關(guān)上好嗎？)/ I will teach you a lesson.(我要教訓(xùn)你一頓)
⑨would表示過去的“意愿”、“決心”等。He would sit near the fire every time he returned home.(每次他回到家中總要坐在火爐邊)
would也可以表示現(xiàn)在的情況,表達(dá)說話人向?qū)Ψ教岢龅囊?語氣比“will”婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣。在日常會(huì)話中,“我想要…”通常用“I would like to”或“I should(I’d) like to”來表示。如：Would you like to have a rest at the moment?(你現(xiàn)在想要休息一下嗎？)
would還可以表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。如：Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save his people.(每一年父母?jìng)兛偸窍蚝⒆觽冎v述這個(gè)將會(huì)拯救他的人民的男孩的事)
⑩ need表示“需要”,用于疑問句或否定句。“need”作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),在肯定、否定、疑問句中都可以用。如：He needn’t do it in such a hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做這件事)/ He needs some help.(他需要一些幫助)/ He doesn’t need to bring his football socks then.(那么他就無須帶上足球襪了)
⑾ dare是“敢”的意思,用法幾乎與“need”完全相同,即在疑問句和否定句中,可以作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,后面用不帶“to”的動(dòng)詞不定式。在肯定句中和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一樣,后面的動(dòng)詞不定式要帶“to”。How dare you say I am a fool?(你竟敢說我是個(gè)傻瓜？)/ He didn’t dare to touch the red button.(他不敢觸碰那個(gè)紅色的按鈕)
⑿ ‘d better (do)(“最好是”)一般也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用,否定式是：’d better not (do). 如：You’d better sit here and say nothing.(你最好坐在這兒不講話)/ You’d better not speak because he is sleeping.(你最好不要講話因?yàn)樗谒X)
2、動(dòng)詞詞形變化一覽表：
(1)規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表：
規(guī) 則變 化
原形動(dòng)詞結(jié)尾情況
現(xiàn)在時(shí)單三人稱
現(xiàn) 在 分 詞
過去式和過去分詞
一般情況
+s
+ing
+ed
s,x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾
+es
+ing
+ed
輔音字母+y結(jié)尾
y→i,+es
+ing
y→i,+ed
重讀閉音節(jié)一元一輔結(jié)尾
+s
雙寫輔音字母,+ing
雙寫輔音字母,+ed
不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾
+s
去掉e,+ing
+d
ie結(jié)尾
+s
ie→y,+ing
+d
不規(guī)則變化
have→has；be→is
(無)
(見不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表)
注意：①在加ing或ed時(shí)動(dòng)詞如果以“r”結(jié)尾,尾音節(jié)又重讀的動(dòng)詞,“r”應(yīng)雙寫。
②s/es的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀[s]；在濁輔音后和元音后讀[z]；在[ s ]、[ F]、[z]、[tF]、[dV]后讀[iz].
③ed的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀[t]；在濁輔音后和元音后讀[d]；在[t]、[d]后讀[id].
(2)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表：( 原形 → 過去式 → 過去分詞)
be(am,is)
was
been
lose
lost
lost
be(are)
were
been
make
made
made
beat
beat
beaten
may
might
become
became
become
mean
meant
meant
begin
began
begun
meet
met
met
blow
blew
blown
mistake
mistook
mistaken
break
broke
broken
must
must
bring
brought
brought
pay
paid
paid
build
built
built
put
put
put
buy
bought
bought
read
read
Read
can
could
ride
rode
ridden
catch
caught
caught
ring
rang
rung
choose
chose
chosen
rise
rose
risen
come
came
come
run
ran
run
cost
cost
cost
say
said
said
cut
cut
cut
see
saw
seen
dig
dug
dug
sell
sold
sold
do
did
done
send
sent
sent
draw
drew
drawn
set
set
set
drink
drank
drunk
shall
should
drive
drove
driven
shine
shone
shone
eat
ate
eaten
show
showed
shown
fall
fell
fallen
shut
shut
shut
feel
felt
felt
sing
sang
sung
find
found
found
sink
sank/sunk
sunk/sunken
fly
flew
flown
sit
set
set
forget
forgot
forgot/forgotten
sleep
slept
slept
freeze
froze
frozen
smell
smelt
smelt
get
got
got
speak
spoke
spoken
give
gave
given
spend
spent
spent
go
went
gone
spill
spilt
spilt
grow
grew
grown
spoil
spoilt
spoilt
hang
hung/hanged
hung/hanged
stand
stood
stood
have(has)
had
had
sweep
swept
swept
hear
heard
heard
swim
swam
swum
hide
hid
hidden
take
took
taken
hit
hit
hit
teach
taught
taught
hold
held
held
tell
told
told
hurt
hurt
hurt
think
thought
thought
keep
kept
kept
throw
threw
thrown
know
knew
known
understand
understood
understood
lay
laid
laid
wake
woke/waked
woken/waked
learn
learnt/learned
learnt/learned
wear
wore
worn
leave
left
left
will
would
lend
lent
lent
win
won
won
let
let
let
write
wrote
witten
lie
lay
lain
3、be(“是/存在”)動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化：
一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí)
一 般 將 來 時(shí)
現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時(shí)
I am….
You are.…
He/She/It is….
We/You/They are….
(I等各人稱) will be….
I am
He/She/It is going to be…
We/You/They are
I have been….
You have been….
She/he/It has been….
We/You/They have been….
一 般 過 去 時(shí)
過 去 將 來 時(shí)
過 去 完 成 時(shí)
I was….
You were.…
He/She/It was….
We/You/They were….
(I等各人稱) would be….
I was
He/She/It was going to be…
We/You/They were
I had been….
You had been….
She/he/It had been….
We/You/They had been….
注意：句型變化時(shí),
否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以縮寫為n’t (am后面not不可以縮寫)；
疑問句將am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。
4、其它動(dòng)詞(主動(dòng)語態(tài))的：
現(xiàn)在 時(shí)態(tài)
一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí)
現(xiàn) 在 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)
一 般 將 來 時(shí)
現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時(shí)
謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成
動(dòng)詞用原形(單三加s / es)
(問句和否定句借用助詞do / does)
am
is +動(dòng)詞-ing
are
will + 動(dòng)詞原形
am
is +going to+動(dòng)詞原形
are
have +過去分詞
has
過去 時(shí)態(tài)
一 般 過 去 時(shí)
過 去 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)
過 去 將 來 時(shí)
過 去 完 成 時(shí)
謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成
動(dòng)詞用過去式
(問句和否定句借用助詞did)
was
+動(dòng)詞-ing
were
would + 動(dòng)詞原形
was
+going to+動(dòng)詞原形
were
had +過去分詞
5、八種時(shí)態(tài)的具體用法：
(1) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)�；蛄�(xí)慣發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),或說明主語的特征。
① 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)句子中常有的時(shí)間狀語：often,usually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice,a (week等), on (Sunday等),never,in the (morning等)。如：They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他們每年去一次故宮)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他們經(jīng)常在晚上商談生意)
② 表示客觀真理、事實(shí)、人的技能或現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)時(shí)句子里一般不用時(shí)間狀語。如：The earth turns round the sun.(地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn))/ Light travels faster than sound.(光傳播比聲音快)
③ 表示十分確定會(huì)發(fā)生(如安排好的事情)或按照時(shí)間表進(jìn)行的事情,用一般現(xiàn)在可以表達(dá)將來,句子中可以有將來時(shí)間。如：The train for Haikou leaves at 8：00 in the morning.(開往漢口的列車上午8點(diǎn)開車)
④ 在時(shí)間狀語從句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引導(dǎo))和條件狀語從句中(以if,unless引導(dǎo)),用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí),句子可以有將來時(shí)間。如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德國(guó)就給我打電話) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我們就只好呆在家)
⑤ 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用于倒裝句中可以表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,動(dòng)詞以come, go為主。如：Here comes the bus. (車來了) / There goes the bell.(鈴響了)。
⑥ 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常用于體育比賽的解說或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.
⑦ 人的心理活動(dòng)和感官動(dòng)作一般用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)而不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表達(dá),常見動(dòng)詞有：like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(認(rèn)為),understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如：I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在這兒)
(2) 一般過去時(shí) 表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),這種動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)可能是一次性,也可能經(jīng)常
發(fā)生。
① 表示過去具體時(shí)刻發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。如：I got up at 6：00 this morning.(我是早上六點(diǎn)鐘起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小湯姆今天早上九點(diǎn)半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走進(jìn)房間時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)陌生人正和他父親談話)
② 表示過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)不知何時(shí)發(fā)生的一次性動(dòng)作時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如：He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年來到我們市)
③ 表示過去一個(gè)階段中經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情時(shí),時(shí)間狀語有：last…, in…, from…to…, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如：Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.
④ 講故事、對(duì)過去經(jīng)歷的回憶、雙方都明白的過去事件等一般用過去時(shí),而且經(jīng)常省略時(shí)間狀語。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)
(3) 一般將來時(shí) 表示將來某一時(shí)刻或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
①一般將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon,
someday,sometime, in the future, when引導(dǎo)的從句等。
本文來自：逍遙右腦記憶 http://m.yy-art.cn/chusan/55917.html
相關(guān)閱讀：8A Unit5-6重點(diǎn)詞組、句型及語法復(fù)習(xí)提綱