underground n. 地鐵 commonly adv. 一般地，通常地
distinction n. 聲譽(yù)，名聲，區(qū)別，差別 distant adj. 遠(yuǎn)的，遙遠(yuǎn)的
historic adj. 有歷史意義的，歷史上著名的 vehicle n. 車輛，交通工具
transport vt. & n. 運(yùn)輸，運(yùn)送，輸送，搬運(yùn)
shuttle n. 短程往返運(yùn)行的公共汽車（或火車等）；梭，梭子；航天飛機(jī)
beneath prep. & adv. 在……之下 comparatively adv. 比較而言，相對地
narrow adj. 窄的，狹窄的；狹隘的 middle n. 中間，中部
advanced adj. 高級的，先進(jìn)的 accelerate vt. 加速，促進(jìn) pace n. 步伐，速度
inconvenient adj. 不方便的，不便利的 separately adv. 分別地，單獨(dú)地，各自地
acquisition n. (尤指通過努力)取得，獲得；學(xué)到
expansion n. 擴(kuò)充，擴(kuò)展，擴(kuò)大，發(fā)展 connection n. 連接；連接物；聯(lián)系；關(guān)系
function vi. 起作用；工作，活動，運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn) anniversary n. 周年紀(jì)念；周年紀(jì)念日
effectively adv. 有效地 permit vt. & vi. 允許，準(zhǔn)許，許可 n. 許可證；執(zhí)照；通行證
sightseeing n. 觀光，游覽 discount n. 折扣，打折 official n. 官員
horrible adj. 可怕的，恐怖的；極其討厭的，讓人非常難受的，特別糟糕的
increase n. 增加，增長 cycle vi. 騎自行車
aim vi. 目的是，打算；瞄準(zhǔn)，對準(zhǔn) vt.將……瞄準(zhǔn)，將……指向 n.目標(biāo)，目的
confuse vt. 使糊涂，使困惑；使混亂；混淆 tire vt. 使厭倦，使厭煩；使疲勞
annoy vt. 使惱怒，使生氣，使煩惱；打攪，干擾，騷擾
undertake vt. 承擔(dān)，擔(dān)任；著手做，開始進(jìn)行，從事
sacrifice vt. 犧牲，奉獻(xiàn) beyond prep. 在先之外，超出
modest adj. 適度的，適中的，不過分的；謙虛的，謙讓的
postpone vt. 推遲，延遲，使延期 speed vt. & vi. 加速 timetable n. 時間表
departure n. 離開，啟程，出發(fā) repair n. 修理，修補(bǔ)
punctual adj. 準(zhǔn)時的，準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)的；守時的 reliable adj. 可靠的，可信賴的
arise vi. 發(fā)生，產(chǎn)生，形成；起立，起身；起床；起義
extreme adj. 極端的，極度的 cause n. 原因，起因；事業(yè)
pedestrian n. 行人，步行者 lorry n. 卡車 signal vi. 發(fā)信號
surrounding adj. 周圍的；環(huán)繞的 n. 周圍環(huán)境
impatient adj. 不耐煩的，沒耐心的，急不可耐的
aggressive adj. 好斗的，侵略性的，咄咄逼人的
fine vt. 罰……的款，處……以罰金 n. 罰金，罰款
concentration n. 專心，專注；集中 irresponsible adj. 不負(fù)責(zé)任的
irresponsible adj. 不負(fù)責(zé)任的 assumption n. 假定，臆想
overload vt. 使超載，使過載 unsteady adj. 不穩(wěn)定的，搖擺的，搖晃
invitation n. 誘因；邀請；請?zhí)?incorrectly adv. 不正確地，錯誤地
orderly adj. 有秩序的，秩序井然的，有條理的
課文出現(xiàn)短語
1. pick up 2. cause damage to 3. beneath the surface 4. far from
5. in use 6. why not do 7. go sightseeing 8. in the hope of
9. speed up 10. under repair 11. protect sb from danger
12. pay attention to 13. risk your life 14. avoid causing accidents
15. a couple of 16. drop off 17. choke off traffic 18. link up
19. set up 20. function as 21. permit sb to do 22. at a discount
23. make better use of 24. wash away 25. arise from 26. be aimed at
27. lead to crashes 28. watch out for 29. in need of 30. be up to sb
31. as it is known 32. lead to 33. accelerate the pace 34. be responsible for
35. in honor for 36. a place of interest 37. be made up of
38. make up for 39. cause deaths and injuries 40. traffic jam
41. be aware of 42. be fined for 43. be likely to 44. in good condition
一．單詞應(yīng)用
根據(jù)單詞的首字母或漢語意思填寫正確單詞，注意形式變化。
1. Up to now, many people have agreed that t____________ is an important part of our lives.
2. In the 19th century, s___________ trains helped people travel all over the world.
3. In the past, many old men don’t believe buses can carry people o_____________ long distance.
4. If you go to Britain, you will see the sign at the station, “welcome to the London u____________”.
5. Most trains went to the distant b___________ of the city in the northern part of the country.
6. Cars on the road can c_______off traffic, so some experts don’t agree car’s mass production.
7. The first tunnels were just b______________ the surface of the ground.
8. Sometimes, traveling on these lines was very i______________. So you had better go by car.
9. Many caves in the mountains f____________ as bomb shelters during war times.
10. Some experts in this field think this helps make the system more u______________.
11.It is reported that the train lines were placed under the ___________（權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)） of the Board.
12.It was interesting to know about the London ______________（地鐵） developed.
13.The city has good air ____________（連接） with most large cities on the Chinese mainland.
14.The storms ______ (沖走) away soil along the road last night, which made children frightened
15.The deaths __________（發(fā)生，形成） from those accidents has increased in the past ten years.
16.We must all be __（意識到） of the potential causes of traffic accidents and act to prevent them.
17.You are ___________（違反） the law and risking your own life as well as the lives of others.
18.It is _________（由…決定） to all of us road users to make sure that we must avoid accident.
19.Many ____（騎車的人）do not pay attention to the cars around them. so it can lead to accidents.
20.We must pay attention to road __________（安全）. Only in this way can we keep us safe.
二.詞型轉(zhuǎn)換
1、comparative adj.--- ______(n.)2、effectively adv. --- ______(n.)
3、patient adj.--- ______(n.) ______(反) 4、concentration n.--- ________(v.)
5、steady adj.--- _________(adv.)6invite v.--- _______(n.)_______(adj.)
7、aware adj.--- ________(n.)_______(反) 8.expect.v.---_______(adj.)_______(n.)
9、permit v.--- _______(n.允許)10、fortune n.--- ________(adj.)
11. connect (vt.) _________(n. ) 12. responsible (adj.) ________ (opp.)
13. rely (vi.)__________ (adj.) 14.distant (adj.) ____________ (n.)
15. expansion (n.)_________ (vt.) 16. convenient (adj.) _________ (n.)
17. separate (adj./vt) ___________ (adv.)
三．句型結(jié)構(gòu)
基本句型
1. It has the distinction of being the oldest and most complex underground system in the world.
2. Most trains into London only went to the distant boundary of the city because building railway tracks into the city would have caused damage to many historic buildings.
3. Passengers were transported in carriages without windows, which were pulled through the comparatively narrow tunnels by steam engines.
4. Having seen the situation, a wealthy American businessman, Charles Yerkes, tried to improve the system by buying many of the different lines and setting up the Underground Group.
5. All the different bus and train lines were placed under the authority of the Board.
6. The London underground system is working to transport millions of people effectively as it has done for many years.
7. This notice is aimed at increasing people’s awareness of the problem because it has become quite extreme.
8. Drivers have to take the responsibility to watch out for people crossing the road, especially older people who may walk slowly and young children who may not look before stepping into the road.
9. Many cyclists do not pay attention to the cars that surround them and often ride too close to cars to allow them space and time to stop.
10. This lack of control is an invitation to accidents.
11. Some cyclists make the assumption that traffic laws do not apply to them.
四．句型拓展
1. However, most trains into London only went to the distant boundary of the city because building railway tracks into the city would have caused damage to many historic buildings. (P50) 但是大部分通往倫敦的火車只到倫敦城的遠(yuǎn)郊，因?yàn)樵谑袇^(qū)內(nèi)修建鐵路會損壞許多古建筑。
Distant adj. a distant country
She could hear the distant sound of fireworks exploding.
in the distant past/future
At some point in the distant future I would like to have my own house.
quite soon: They plan to have children in the not-too-distant future.
Distance n. [C or U]
He travels quite a distance (= a long way) to work every day.
Does she live within walking distance of her parents?
高考鏈接
The faces of four famous American presidents on Mount Rushmore can be seen from a _____ of 60 miles.（2004全國）
A. length B. distance C. way D. space
答案：B
Historic adj. historic buildings a historic day/moment
In a historic vote, the Church of England decided to allow women to become priests.
Historical adj. connected with the study or representation of things from the past:
She specializes in historical novels set in eighteenth-century England.
historically adv.
The film makes no attempt to be historically accurate.
Historically (= Over a long period in the past), there have always been close links between France and Scotland.
2. Unfortunately, the increased number of vehicles on the road choked off traffic, and the road became so busy that no one could travel anywhere. (P50) 不幸的是馬路上增加的車輛把道路堵得水泄不通，交通變得如此擁擠以致于每個人都寸步難行。
Choke n. [C] v. 窒息；堵塞；阻塞
The child swallowed a pen and chocked to death.
The roads to the coast were choked with traffic.
引申：chock back 忍住，抑制
chock up 因激動等說不出話來
自我檢測
During the rush hours the roads are usually _____ up with traffic.
A. chocked B. crowded C. blocked D checked
答案： A
3. The first tunnels were opened in 1863 and were just beneath the surface of the ground. (P50) 首批地鐵隧道于1863年開通，他們緊靠地面。
Beneath prep. 低于，在……之下
比較：1) under prep.
In AD 79 the city of Pompei was buried under a layer of ash seven meters deep.
2) below adv., prep.
From the top of the skyscraper the cars below us looked like insects.
They have three children below the age of (= younger than) four.
4. Sixteen years later, in 1884, the Metropolitan Railway Company and the Metropolitan District railway linked up and provided the underground service in the middle of the city. (P50) 16年后，于1884年大都會鐵路公司于大都會區(qū)鐵路公司取得聯(lián)系共同為城市中部提供地鐵服務(wù)。
Link v. [T]
The use of CFCs has been linked to the depletion of the ozone layer.
n. [C] Their links with Britain are still strong.
link up They linked up two areas by telephone.
用法拓展: be connected with 與……相接，和……有聯(lián)系
5. These new ways of digging accelerated the pace of the London Underground’s development. (P50) 這些新的隧道開挖方法加快了倫敦地鐵的發(fā)展腳步。
Accelerate v. [I] I accelerated to overtake the bus.
Compare: decelerate
v. [I] The car decelerated at the sight of the police car.
accelerated adj. 加速的 acceleration n. 加速度
自我檢測
A driver ______ his car when he makes it go faster or increased its speed.
A. modifies B. duplicates C. accelerates D stimulates
答案：C
Pace n. [U]: a slow/fast pace
When she thought she heard someone following her, she quickened her pace.
These changes seem to me to be happening at too fast a pace.
引申：keep pace with 與……并駕齊驅(qū) at a … pace 以……的速度
自我檢測
Many people complain of rapid ______ of modern life.
A. rate B. speed C. pace D. growth
答案：C
6. Traveling on these lines was inconvenient, though, as each line was separately owned and many were very far from each other. (P50) 然而搭乘這些線路很不方便，因?yàn)槊織l線都分別各歸其主而且許多線路之間相距甚遠(yuǎn)。
Inconvenient adj. an inconvenient time/place
It will be very inconvenient for me to have no car.
inconvenience n. [C or U]
Having to wait for ten minutes was a minor inconvenience.
7．After his acquisition of the lines, each one was given a name and most of the names are still used today. (P51) 收購后他給每條線起了名字，很多名字至今還在使用。
Acquire v. [T] I was wearing a newly/recently acquired jacket.
During this period he acquired a reputation for being a womanizer.
acquisition n. [C or U]
I like your earrings - are they a recent acquisition (= did you get them recently)?
8. The last line added was the Jubilee Line in 1977 in honor of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Queen Elizabeth’s crowning. (P51)
Honor a quality that combines respect, pride and honesty:
a man of honour We fought for the honour of our country
n. [C] She received an honour for her services to the community.
He was buried with full military honours (= with a special celebration to show respect).
in honour of sb./sth. in order to celebrate or show great respect for someone or sth.:
高考鏈接
My sister was against my suggestion while my brother was ______ it. (2006陜西)
A. in favor of B. in memory of C. in honour of D. in search of
答案：A
9. Visit our ticket office and buy one of the travel cards that permit you to travel all over the underground system. (P51)
permit (-tt-) v. [T] The regulations do not permit much flexibility.
[+ ing form of verb] The prison authorities permit visiting only once a month.
As it was such a special occasion, she permitted herself a small glass of champagne.
10. This includes dates or years in the order of the development. (P51)
order n. [U] in order of 以……的順序
The children lined up in order of age/height.
Put the files in alphabetical/chronological order.
高考鏈接
You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of ______. (2006廣東)
A. date B. shape C. order D. balance
答案：B
11. The brochure you have just read refers to the development of the London Underground that started in 1854. (P51)
refer to phrasal verb: 1) He always refers to the house as his "refuge".
2) If writing or information refers to someone or sth., it relates to that person or thing:
The new salary scale only refers to company managers and directors.
12. I bought a ticket at a discount and rode the underground three times. (P53)
Discount n. [C] They usually give you a discount if you buy multiple copies.
v. [T] You shouldn't discount the possibility of him coming back.
at a discount 打折
自我檢測
They sell the sweater _______ a discount of 30 percent.
A. on B. for C. at D. with
答案：C
五．完成句子
1. 兩家機(jī)構(gòu)為了幫助貧窮兒童聯(lián)合舉辦了一場慈善活動。）
The two organizations ______ _____ to hold a charity event for the poor children.
2. 這些新的挖掘方法加快了倫敦地鐵的發(fā)展步伐。（accelerate the pace of）
These new ways of digging ___ ___ ___ ___the London underground’s development.
3. 一般說來，人們喜歡買各種各樣的減價商品。（discount）
_________ _____ , people like to buy all kinds of things _____ ____ ________.
4. 因缺乏交流而引發(fā)的家庭問題越來越多。（arise from）
There are more and more family problems ______ ______ ______ _____ ______communication
5. 由于不知道坐哪路車，她向我們求助。（not knowing）
Not knowing which bus to take, she ______ ________ ______ _________ _________.
六．語法應(yīng)用
非謂語動詞 v-ing形式作定語
1. 單個的v-ing形式可以作前置定語，表示所修飾的人或物的動作或狀態(tài)，在意思上接近一個定語從句，可以表示正在進(jìn)行的動作，也可表示經(jīng)常性動作或當(dāng)時的狀態(tài)。
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起來很普通的房子
a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困擾人的問題
2. 作定語的v-ing形式如是一個短語，則應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面。
The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.
裝著醋的那個瓶子應(yīng)送到實(shí)驗(yàn)室去
They lived in a house facing south. 他們住在一所朝南的房子里。
3. 某些情況下，定語不能用v-ing形式，必須用定語從句。
① 作定語的動詞-ing形式表示的動作要與主句謂語的動作同時發(fā)生，如兩者不能同時發(fā)生的話，則需使用定語從句。
昨天來的教授將要給我們作一個講座。
【誤】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.
【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.
② v-ing形式的完成式一般只用作狀語，不作定語。
被地震毀壞的廟宇很快就要重建了。
【誤】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
v-ed形式作定語
1. 單個動詞-ed形式作定語一般放在被修飾的名詞之前，作前置定語。
A watched pot never boils. 心急鍋不開。
When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper.
我們到達(dá)的時候，每人被發(fā)給了一份印制好的試卷。
提示： 如要表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，單個動詞-ed形式也可作后置定語。
Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。
2. 帶有修飾語或其他成分的v-ed形式一般都作后置定語，在語法上相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。 被邀請到招待會上的貴賓有一半都是外國大使。
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
這次會議獲得很大的成功，共有一千名學(xué)生出席了。
A woman dressed like a lawyer came in and took her seat as judge.
一個律師裝扮的女人走了進(jìn)來，并作為法官就座。
v-ing 和v-ed形式作定語的區(qū)別
1．及物動詞的-ing形式作定語表示與被修飾名詞是主動關(guān)系，及物動詞的-ed 形式表示與被修飾名詞是被動關(guān)系。
The group called Green Hand is trying to help the environment.
2．不及物動詞-ing形式表示動詞正在進(jìn)行，而v-ed形式表示動作已完成。
the rising sun 正在升起的太陽the risen sun 升起了的太陽
falling leaves 正在飄落的葉子fallen leaves 落葉
不及物動詞－ed形式只表示完成的意義，并不帶有被動的含義。
an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped逃犯
a retired worker = a worker who has retired退休工人
a newly arrived guest = a guest who has just arrived 新來的客人
As adverbs
v-ing形式作狀語
動詞-ing形式可以作狀語，修飾動詞，其動作執(zhí)行者與句子主語是主動一致。在句中表示時間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式或伴隨情況等。動詞-ing形式作時間、原因、條件、讓步狀語時多位于句首；作結(jié)果、伴隨情況狀語時常位于句末。
1 表示時間，相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句。
Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.
(= After we have made full preparations...)
2 表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句。
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday. (= Since he was ill...)
3 表示結(jié)果，相當(dāng)于一個并列謂語。
His father died, leaving him a lot of money. (= and left him a lot of money.)
4 表示條件，相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語從句。
Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed. =If you work hard at your lessons...
5 表示讓步，相當(dāng)于一個讓步狀語從句。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
= Although they knew all this...
6 表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明，相當(dāng)于一個并列結(jié)構(gòu)。
He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.
= ...and stared at the sky for a long time
v-ed形式作狀語
動詞-ed形式作狀語和動詞-ing形式作狀語一樣，也可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。但其動作執(zhí)行者與句子主語是被動一致。
1 動詞-ed形式作狀語表示時間，相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句。
Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.
(= After he was completely examined...)
有時動詞-ed形式前可加連詞when, while等來強(qiáng)調(diào)時間概念。
Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.
一恢復(fù)健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.
一旦給這鐘上了發(fā)條，它就會走半個月，并且走得很準(zhǔn)。
2 動詞-ed形式作狀語表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句。
Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying.
(= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...)
3 動詞-ed形式作狀語表示條件，相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語從句。
Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.
(= If she was compared with other professors...)
4 動詞-ed形式作狀語表示讓步，相當(dāng)于一個though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.
(= Although they were exhausted by the running ...)
為了使-ed形式表示的條件、動詞讓步意義更加明顯，我們可以加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞。
Even if invited, I won't go. 即使受到邀請，我也不去。
Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart.
5 動詞-ed形式作狀語表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明時，通常位于句子的后面，相當(dāng)于一個并列分句。
The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. (= and he was surrounded …)
七．翻譯句子
1.當(dāng)我第一次從事這個工程的時候，我發(fā)現(xiàn)這個信息令人困惑，因我不知道如何組織他。
2.對于你推遲拜訪，我感到非常的失望，但是我還是希望早點(diǎn)見到你。
3.因?yàn)橄萑虢煌▎栴}，他上班遲到了。
4.每種方法都 被試過了，但是不起作用。
5.在法國出差的時候，他學(xué)會了法語。
6.風(fēng)暴沖走了道路兩旁的土壤，而且道路的一部分正在維修中。
7.在過去的幾年中，道路事故的數(shù)量和由事故所導(dǎo)致的死亡數(shù)字快速增長。
8.我們必須意識到交通事故潛在的原因和采取行動取預(yù)防它。
9.當(dāng)心不要陷入泥漿中。
10.醫(yī)生被控告違反專業(yè)倫理。
參考答案
一．單詞應(yīng)用
1. transport 2. steam 3. over 4. underground 5. boundary 6. choke
7. beneath 8. inconvenient 9. functioned 10. user-friendly. 11. authority
12．Underground 13．connection 14．washed 15．a(chǎn)rising 16．a(chǎn)ware
17．violating 18．up 19．cyclists 20．Safety
二．詞形轉(zhuǎn)換
1. comparison 2. effect 3. patience; impatient 4. concentrate 5. steadily
6. invitation; inviting 7. awareness; unaware 8. expected; expectation
9. permission 10. fortunate 11.connection 12. irresponsible 13.reliable
14.distance 15.expand 16.convenience 17.separately
五．完成句子
1. linked up 2. accelerated the pace of 3. Generally speaking; at a discount
4. arising from the lack of 5. turned to us for help
五．翻譯句子
1. When I first undertook the project, I found the information confusing because I didn’t know how to organize it
2. I am disappointed that you are postponing your visit next week, but I expect I will see you soon.
3. Having been trapped in traffic, he was late for work
4. Every means has been tired out, but it doesn’t work.
5. He picked up some French while he was away on a business trip in Paris.
6. The storms washed away soil along the road and part of the road is still under repair.
7. The number of road accidents and the deaths arising from those accidents has increased greatly over the past year.
8. We must all be aware of the potential causes of traffic accidents and act to prevent them.
9. Be careful not to step in the mud.
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